Menstrual disorder

LynestrenoL Lynestrenol (73) has been used in oral contraceptives and to treat menstrual disorders. It is converted in vivo to its active metabohte norethindrone (102,103). It can be recrystallized from methanol, and is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, and acetone, and insoluble in water (102). The crystal stmcture (104) and other spectral and analytical data have been reported for lynestrenol (62). 

Interferon beta 1b (Betaseron) 0.25 mg SQ Every other day Flu-like symptoms 60-76% Injection site reactions 50-85% Asthenia 49% Menstrual disorder 1 7% Leukopenia 1 0-1 6% Increased aspartate aminotransferase/ alanine transaminase 4-1 9%... 

Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) 12 mg/m2 up to 140 mg/m2 IV Every 3 months Nausea 76% Alopecia 61 % Menstrual disorders 61% Urinary tract infection 32% Amenorrhea 25% Leukopenia 1 9% y-Glutamyl transpeptidase increase 1 5%... 

Specific Menstrual Disorders(s) Agent(s) Dose Recommended Common Adverse Effects... 

St John s wort is a yellow flowering plant that was first used medicinally by the ancient Greeks as a diuretic and a treatment for wounds and menstrual disorders. This herbal remedy is widely prescribed in Germany, where it has been studied extensively in clinical trials as a treatment for depression. In most countries, including the UK, it is available over the counter. In Ireland it is available only by prescription. Recently, a team of German scientists led by Klaus Linde at the University of Munich published a comprehensive review of 29 clinical trials of St John s wort, involving more than 5,000 depressed patients. They concluded that it is more effective than placebos and as effective as standard antidepressants in the treatment of major depression. 

In China and Tibet, the plant is held in great esteem. It was believed that the color of the plant was caused by transformed human blood. The root is used to treat rheumatism, jaundice, hemorrhages, and all sorts of exhausting discharges. In Korea, the root is used to treat rheumatism, jaundice and menstrual disorders. In the Philippines, a decoction of roots is drunk as a remedy for urinary disorders. One might have observed the obvious relationship between the red color of the sap and the blood-related medicinal uses of the plant it illustrates the doctrine of signatures of Paracelsus. 

In the same way as estrogens, progestogens are used in the treatment of several other conditions such as infertility, endometriosis, in the management of certain breast and endometrial cancers, and either alone or in combination with estrogens in the treatment of menstrual disorders, among others. The therapeutic doses required in the treatment of many of these diseases are often significantly larger than those employed in contraception. 

Human sexual function and fertility disorders include, e.g., spontaneous abortions, impaired spermatogenesis, menstrual disorders, impotence, and early menopause. 

Examples are shown in Fig. 23.9. Stereochemistry is indicated by dotted lines (a-bonds, behind the plane) and solid lines (P-bonds, in front of the plane) of any substituents on the rings. The sex hormones are the molecules mainly responsible for differentiating the sexes. The difference between testosterone and progesterone is a hydroxy versus an acetyl group. The natural sex hormones are used to treat prostate cancer, to alleviate menopausal distress, and to correct menstrual disorders. Other common natural steroids are estradiol, cholesterol, and cortisone. Infamous... 

One of the most important areas of synthetic estrogens and progestins are their use as oral contraceptives, for hormone replacement therapy, and as drugs for menstrual disorders. 

Miscellaneous Edema (flurbiprofen, naproxen, meloxicam) thirst pyrexia (fever and chills) sweating breast changes gynecomastia muscle cramps facial edema menstrual disorders impotence vaginal bleeding influenza-like disease/symptoms (meloxicam). 

Mestranol Synthetic oestrogen Treatment of menopausal, post-menopausal or menstrual disorders. Component of many oral contraceptives... 

Chlormadinone Synthetic progestogen Menstrual disorders. Oral contraceptive... 

Medroxyprogesterone acetate Synthetic progestogen Treatment of menstrual disorders, endometriosis and hormone responsive cancer. Also used as long-acting contraceptive... 

Side effects include fatigue, insomnia, and altered motor coordination. Parkinsonian side effects and acute dys-tonic reactions also have been reported. Metoclopramide stimulates prolactin secretion, which can cause galactorrhea and menstrual disorders. Extrapyramidal side effects seen following administration of the phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and butyrophenones may be accentuated by metoclopramide. 

Marquesas Islands. Fruit juice is mixed with Cordia subcordata and other plants and used for general menstrual disorders """. Mexico. A plaster made of fresh milk mixed with egg white is applied externally to prevent miscarriage " . 

Sinusitis, sexual dysfunction, menstrual disorder, abdominal pain, agitation, decreased libido... 

Side effects include headache, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, tachycardia, palpitations, dry mouth, GIT disturbances, taste disturbances, photosensitivity, dysmenor-rhoea and menstrual disorders. 

These two herbs can strengthen the bones and tendons and are often used for weakness of the back and legs due to Kidney deficiency. In clinical practice, they are often used for different types of arthritis, infertility, menstrual disorders and habitual miscarriage. 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the methods that are currently in use to evaluate sexual function and fertility. Sexual function and fertility are complex reproductive functions that can be affected by environmental exposures. Reproductive disorders include spontaneous abortions, impaired spermatogenesis, menstrual disorders, impotence, early menopause and others. Any disturbance in the integrity of the reproductive system can affect these functions. 

---