Combined oral contraceptives progestogen

Table 1. Low Dose Monophasic Estrogen—Progestogen Combination Oral Contraceptives Marketed in the United States...

Combined oral contraceptives are less likely to be associated with irregular vaginal bleeding than progestogen-only contraceptives. However, they are... 

Levonorgestrel is a progestogen derivative. It is found either in combined oral contraceptives coupled with an oestrogen derivative or alone in progestogen-only contraceptives. 

Ethynodiol diacetate Synthetic progestogen Component of many combined oral contraceptives. Progesterone replacement therapy... 

Up to 10% of pregnancies among users of progestogen-only contraceptives implant outside the uterus this is not greatly different to the ectopic pregnancy rate in unprotected women, but it is much higher than among users of adequate combined oral contraception (292). The reasons... 

In an 8-year follow-up of Swedish children whose mothers used combined oral contraceptives while breastfeeding, there were no negative effects on health, growth, or development (306). It should be realized that the hormonal content of natural human milk and cows milk is not negligible. If hormonal contraception is to be used during lactation, it would be sensible to prefer low-dose progestogens rather than combinations with estrogens they are not the most effective contraceptives, but probably sufficient to supplement the contraceptive effect of lactation itself and they are unlikely to inhibit lactation. 

There is a disputed effect on carbohydrate metabolism, but it is at most mild and there is certainly no precipitation of diabetes in healthy women. Carbohydrate metabolism was unaffected by medroxyprogesterone in one study in which there was modest impairment of glucose tolerance among users of levonorgestrel-containing, low-dose combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only tablets (18). 

The reduced penetrability of cervical mucus, which contributes to the contraceptive effect, may well provide some small degree of protection against pelvic inflammatory disease. However, this effect is likely to be less than that exerted by combined oral contraceptives, since the expanded cervical ectropion found among combined oral contraceptive users is not present in users of progestogen-only contraceptives. 

The combined oral contraceptive pill contains both oestrogen and progestogen. 

Q7 Combined oral contraceptives contain synthetic oestrogens and progestogens which inhibit FSH and LH release. These compounds inhibit both ovulation and the secretory phase of endometrial growth. Since they are inhibitors of ovulation, they are able to diminish the symptoms of dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual syndrome, which both appear to be related to the menstrual cycles in which ovulation occurs. 

---