Oral contraception estrogens

Table 8.5.1 Classification of oral contraceptives. Estrogen Progestins...

Oral contraceptives, estrogens, and benign liver tumors The effects of oral contraceptives on the liver include not only benign liver tumors (focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, and hemangioma) (74) and hepatocellular carcinoma, but also peliosis hepatis (75), sinusoid dilatation (76), and such probably unrelated shorter-term complications as jaundice and gallstones. 

Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991 133(l) 32-7. 

Alesse -28 Lenonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol 0.10mg/0.02 mg Tablet Oral contraceptives Estrogen / progestin receptor Cellulose, hypromellose, lactose, magnesium stearate, polacrilin potassium Wyeth... 

Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal Estrogen-progesterone postmenopausal therapy Estrogen-progesterone oral contraceptives Estrogens, nonsteroidal... 

Women who take oral contraceptives (estrogen for 25 days, accompanied by progesterone for the last 10 days)... 

Drug use (oral contraceptives, estrogens, tamoxifen, methadone)... 

Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose considerations. Contraception 1998 58 15S-21S. 

Estrogen, oral contraceptives—Estrogens tend to inorease serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thus inoreasing thyroid requirements. 

Mestranol an estrogenic component of oral contraceptive drugs... 

As of 1994, there were approximately 47 progestin-containing contraceptive dmg formulations sold in the United States for use as oral contraceptives (Table 3). In addition, there are three nonoral contraceptive formulations containing progestins ie, one injectable (Depo-Provera), one as an intrauterine device (lUD) (Progestasert), and one implantable (Norplant). Of the oral formulations, all but two also contain an estrogen component, ethynylestradiol. 

The two synthetic steroidal estrogens which have attained the greatest degree of therapeutic use are ethinyl estradiol [57-63-6] (EE) (5) and its 3-methyl ether, mestranol [72-33-3]((5). In contrast to the naturally occurring estrone derivatives, these acetylenic analogues are orally active and are the main estrogenic components of combination oral contraceptives (see Contraceptives) and certain estrogen replacement products. 

Table 1. Low Dose Monophasic Estrogen—Progestogen Combination Oral Contraceptives Marketed in the United States...

Reaction of estrone with a metal acetylide affords 17a-ethynyl-173-hydroxy-estradiol (etbynylestradiol, 30a EE). This compound is equipotent with estradiol by subcutaneous administration, but it is 15 to 20 times as active when administered orally. Ethynylation of the methyl ether of estradiol analogously affords mestranol (30b), It should be noted that the same factors apply in these reactions as in previously discussed reductions at 17 almost the sole products of these reactions are those which result from attack of reagent from the least hindered a side of the steroid. Ethynylestradiol and mestranol are of special commercial significance since the majority of the oral contraceptives now on sale incorporate one or the other of the compounds as the estrogenic component. 

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