Oral contraceptives combination

Combined oral contraceptives (see Oral contraceptives, combined) Conjugated equine oestrogens... 

The varied clinical uses of estrogens include menstrual disorders, alleviation of menopause, associated symptoms (replacement therapy), osteoporosis, postmenopausal breast cancer and prostatic cancer and hypertrophy, lactation suppression, postcoital contraceptives, oral contraceptives (combined with progestins), estrogen deficiencies unrelated to the menopause, ovarian failure, and hypogenitalism. 

Butanediol Cyclophosphamide -Oral contraceptives, combined -Melphalan -Erionite -Chlorambucil Methyl-CCNU... 

COMBINATION ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Combination oral contraceptives act by preventing ovulation. Plasma LH and FSH levels are suppressed, the midcycle surge of LH is absent, endogenous steroid levels are diminished, and ovulation does not occur. While either component alone can exert these effects, the combination synergistically decreases plasma gonadotropin levels and suppresses ovulation more consistently than either alone. 

Oral contraception Combined ethinyl estradiol or mestranol plus a progestin Progestin only norethindrone or norgestr ... 

D. Combined Oral Contraceptives Combined oral contraceptives exert an antiandrogenic effect when they are used in women with hirsutism that is due to excess production of androgenic steroids. The estrogen in the contraceptive acts in the liver to increase the production of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), which in turn acts to reduce the concentration of free androgen in the blood. 

Other metabolic effects ascribed to oral contraceptives include increases in serum iron, total iron binding capacity and serum copper, which are apparently due to the progestagenic components [345]. In addition, quantitative immunodiffusion studies show that both pregnancy and oral contraceptive combination products change the serum levels of certain proteins and in particular those synthesised by the liver [346]. 

The clearance of morphine is roughly doubled by combined oral contraceptives. Combined oral contraceptives do not appear to alter the pharmacokinetics of pethidine. The manufacturer of bu-prenorphine predicts that gestodene may increase plasma levels of buprenorphine. 

A major application is postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy. Synthetic estrogens also are used as a component of oral contraceptive combination products (see below). 

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