Contingent

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

The heated polymer solution emerges as filaments from the spinneret into a column of warm air. Instantaneous loss of solvent from the surface of the filament causes a soHd skin to form over the stiU-Hquid interior. As the filament is heated by the warm air, more solvent evaporates. More than 80% of the solvent can be removed during a brief residence time of less than 1 s in the hot air column. The air column or cabinet height is 2—8 m, depending on the extent of drying required and the extmsion speed. The air flow may be concurrent or countercurrent to the direction of fiber movement. The fiber properties are contingent on the solvent-removal rate, and precise air flow and temperature control are necessary. 

Because most fuel ethanol manufactured ia the United States is made from com, price plays a cmcial role ia determining the competitive position of ethanol ia an open market. With com priced at about 2.50/bu, the embedded feedstock cost of product ethanol is about 0.14—0.23/L ( 0.52—0.87 gal), depending on over-all yield and by-products ignored (125). Euel ethanol plants may have contingency plans to close if com prices rise to a certain level, eg, 3.50/bu or above (126). 

The economic importance of an ore deposit itself is largely affected by mineral or metal prices. Mine closures and reopenings are a common event in the mineral iadustry for this reason. Economics can also be affected by the ore composition, for example, by unacceptable levels of penalty elements ia the ore. The assessment of overall economics of exploiting a given ore deposit is similar to that for any large-scale industry. The various cost components are those associated with equipment, labor, utiUties, contingencies, operation and production, transportation, working capital, suppHes, maintenance. 

Groundwater and air quaHty monitoring ate requited for all faciHties that have the potential to generate emissions. There ate also requinements for contingency plans in the case of accidents, closure and post-closure plans, and financial requinements to ensure that closure plans can be foUowed. Permit appHcations must include an estimate of the composition, quantity, concentration, and frequency or rate of disposal, treatment, transport, or storage. 

Technology managers should include the following elements in the plan itself the critical business issues the nature of markets and customers the thmsts of traditional and potential competitors the human resource issues, ie, the skills and abiUties needed to carry out the plan alternatives and contingencies to support the plan a patent and intellectual property strategy and the supporting faciUties and resource plan. The most frequentiy overlooked elements are human resource issues and patent strategies (50). 

A popular overall factor refinement, known as the Hand factor approach, uses a different factor to estimate overall costs for each class of equipment to cover all labor field materials, eg, piping, insulation, electrical, foundations, stmctures, and finishes and indirect costs, but not contingencies. Hand factors range from 4 for fractionating towers down to 2.5 for miscellaneous equipment. 

Retained Earnings Much confusion is caused by the practice of dividing retained earnings under various headings such as reserve for replacement of plant, resei ve for contingencies, etc. This procedure also restricts the flexibihty of management in expenditure decisions. 

Adequate cash and a history of prompt payment of accounts strengthen the credit standing of a company and make it easier to obtain bank loans, etc. A company needs additional cash as a contingency against fires, floods, strikes, etc., as well as for additional adver-... 

Cost of contractor s fees plus contingency allowance... 

The estimated values for the various contributions are given in Table 9-53, resulting in an estimate of 4,280,000 for the total fixed-capital investment, including a contingency factor. 

Materials that have a tendency to grow r eadily on the walls of the ciytaUizer require periodic washout, and therefore an other wise continuous operation would be interrupted once or even twice a week for the removal of these deposits. The impact that this contingency may have on the processing-equipment train ahead of the crystalhzer must be considered. 

Motor Protection Money spent lor motor-protective devices can be compared to insurance, in which premiums depend on the protected value vvFen the protected value is the cost ol the motor, the cost ol anticipated repairs, or the cost ol downtime, lost production, and, in some cases, contingent damage to other equipment. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)—Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures EPA 40 CFR part 264 or part 265, Subpart D... 

Judicious electrical design will ensure a pull-out torque slip as close to the full-load slip as possible and minimize the additional slip losses in such a condition. See Figure 1.8. A motor with a pull-out torque as close to full load slip as possible would also be able to meet a momentarily enhanced load torque during a contingency without any injurious heat or a stalling condition. 

Note This operating condition is, however, not specific for it does not stipulate the frequency of occurrence of such a contingency. It may be assumed that this condition will not occur more than once before thermal stability is reached. See also Section 3.7. In normal practice a motor meeting the other operating conditions noted above in all likelihood will satisfy this requirement also without needing yet another derating. See also Example 7,1. 

On the BIL discussed above a suitable protective margin is considered to provide sufficient safety to the protected equipment against unforeseen contingencies. lEC 60071-2 has recommended certain values to account for these and they are given in Table 18.2. 

An additional protection margin may be considered for the contingencies noted below, depending upoti the criticality of a system or its susceptibility to overvoltages ... 

The overvoltage factor, due to a phase fault, may thus not exceed a ground fault (GF) condition. It would, therefore, be appropriate to consider the GF condition instead of a phase fault and. in all probability, it will be adequate to account for this contingency. 

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