Contingent nature

The methods discussed above have been widely used to assess the effect of either continuous or intermittent nicotine on nAChR functions and brain biochemistry (Matta et al. 2007). For models of nicotine withdrawal, see the chapter by Malin in this volume. Given the intrinsic advantages and limitations of each approach, the non-contingent nature of most administration regimes and the absence of associated cues, it is important that these paradigms are not assumed to model tobacco addiction per se. Sometimes, the experiments are conducted in concert with behavioural measures (e.g. precipitation of withdrawal with somatic signs), which give more credibility to the assertion that a state of nicotine dependence has been achieved (Kenny and Markou 2005). 

Taber, K. S. (2009). Progressing science education Constructing the scientific research programme into the contingent nature of learning science. Dordrecht Springer, doi 10.1007/ 978-90-481-2431-2. 

Technology managers should include the following elements in the plan itself the critical business issues the nature of markets and customers the thmsts of traditional and potential competitors the human resource issues, ie, the skills and abiUties needed to carry out the plan alternatives and contingencies to support the plan a patent and intellectual property strategy and the supporting faciUties and resource plan. The most frequentiy overlooked elements are human resource issues and patent strategies (50). 

The standard requires the supplier to prepare contingency plans to reasonably protect the customer s supply of product in the event of emergency, excluding natural disaster and force majeure. 

From such information even the inexperienced estimator can establish an approximation of the costs, provided he adequately visualizes the work functions and steps involved. From the same type of work reference, the experienced estimator can develop a realistic cost, usually expressed with certain contingencies to allow for unknown factors and changing conditions. The professional estimator wall normally develop cost charts and tables peculiar to the nature of his responsibilities and requirements of his employer. 

The lengthy maturation of a multiauthored book of this nature is subject to life s contingencies. Hopefully, its structure is sound and has survived the bumps of outrageous fortune. I wish to thank all the contributors for their courage in writing. It is their work and commitment that have made this book possible. 

Options analysis is a technique that can deal with such contingencies. It is a form of decision analysis that includes chance variables, initially hidden, representing states of nature that can be uncovered, in whole or in part, through a decision to carry out research. Such research creates options—the ability to progress, or abandon, one of several courses of action. This research might be technical or market research, in applications of option analysis to R D planning. 

Sometimes, insurance companies are involved in the systems of compensation fund that have been established in some countries. This is the case of special government disaster funds within the target to promote framework of contingency measures to cover the economic costs of natural disasters [14]. 

Ruijgrok ECM (2004) Reducing acidification the benefits of increased nature quality. Investigating the possibilities of the contingent valuation method, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, nota di lavoro 65.2004... 

Reductionism will have to be a thesis about the explanation of historical facts, some more general than others, but all of them ultimately the contingent results of general laws of natural selection operating on boundary conditions. Reductionism needs to claim that the only way to explain one historical fact is by appeal to other historical facts, plus some... 

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