Contingent negative variation

Another electric signal recorded from the surface of the skull is termed contingent negative variation (CNV). This is a very late potential fluctuation in the parietal region that arises when a subject participating in a reaction time experiment is advised, through a warning stimulus, of the imminence of another stimulus to which he or she has to respond. 

A technique known as contingent negative variation (CNV) measures brain-wave reaction to olfaction. These types of studies have shown the eftect of materials such as lavender and nutmeg in reducing stress or anxiety, and the ability of oils such as peppermint to stimulate brainwave activity. CNV research was incorporated into the development of the fragrance for a consumer personal care product launched in the late 1980s. 

Tecce, J., Cole, J., 6c Savignano-Bowman, J. (1975). Chlorpromazine effects on brain activity (contingent negative variation) and reaction time in normal women. Psychophar-... 

Braden W, Stillman RC, Wyatt RJ (1974) Effects of marijuana on contingent negative variation and reaction time. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31 537-541... 

A three-arousal model for engineering psychophysiology. CNV = contingent negative variation EEG = electroencephalogram EDA = electrodermal activity ERP = event-related potentials HR = heart rate HRV = heart rate variability. 

Backs, R. W., Grings, W. W. (1985). Effects of UCS probability on the contingent negative variation and electrodermal response during long ISI conditioning. Psychophysiology, 22, 268-275. 

Brunia, C. H. M. (1984). Contingent negative variation and readiness potential preceding foot movement v4 a/s of irieiVeM York Acadetr of Sciences, 425, 403 06. 

McAdam, D. W, Rubin, E. M. (1971). Readiness potential, vertex positive wave, contingent negative variation and accuracy of perception. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 30, 511-517. 

Trimmel, M. (1987). Contingent negative variation (CNV) influenced by preceding slow potential shifts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,... 

Walter, W G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W C., Winter, A. L. (1964). Contingent negative variation An electrie sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Mature, 203, 380-384. 

Aoki, H. 1996. Effect of odors from coniferous woods on contingent negative variation (CNV). Zairyo 45(4) 397-402. 

Lorig, T. S. and Roberts, M. 1990. Odor and cognitive alteration of the contingent negative variation. 

Torii, S., Fukada, H., Kanemoto, H. et al. 1988. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of odour. In Perfumery—The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, edited by S. Van Toller and G. H. Dodd. London, U.K. Chapman and Hall. 

Kubota, M. et al., 1992. Odor and emotion-effects of essential oils on contingent negative variation. In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Flavours, Fragrances and Essential Oils, Vienna, Austria, October 4-8, 1992, pp. 456-461. 

Kopell, B.S., W.K. Wittner, D.T. Lunde, L.J. Wolcott, and J.R. Tinklenberg, 1974. The effects of methamphet-amine and secobarbital on the contingent negative variation amplitude. Psychopharmacology, 34(1) 55-62. 

Torii, S., et al., 1988. Contingent negative variation and the psychological effects of odor. In Perfumery The Psychology arul Biology of Fragrance, S. Toller and G.H. Dodd, eds. New York Chapman Hall. Unterman, A., 1991. Dictionary of Jewish Lore Legend. London Thames and Hudson. 

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