Contingency approach

For criticality hazards, the double contingency approach is employed, and in some cases probabilistic techniques are employed to demonstrate that a limiting criterion can be met. However, the minimal amounts of fissile material in waste vitrified product mean that no detailed criticality assessments are required. 

They proposed that logistics complexity is a driver to define the way a company manages and emphasizes the different supply chain objectives and decision areas, and based on this, a contingency approach for supply chain management is required, where different contextual conditions drive the way the supply chain choices are made and management activities are performed, as opposed to a best practice approach where there would be some universally applicable principles that would be appropriate regardless of the particular conditions under study. 

Zeithaml et al. (1988) describe that the essential premise of the contingency approach is that effectiveness, broadly defined as organizational adaptation and... 

One example of contingency approach applied to supply chain management comes from Fisher (1997). He proposes a framework to define what is the best supply chain for a company s product He argues that the first step in devising an effective supply chain strategy is to consider the nature of the demand for the products. To that end, many aspects are important for example, product lifecycle, demand predictability, product variety, and market standards for lead time and service. He proposes to classify products on two categories They are either primarily Functional or primarily Innovative, as summarized below ... 

Zeithaml V, Varadarajan P, Zeithaml C (1988) The contingency approach its foundations and relevance to theory building and research in marketing. Eur J Mark 22(7) 37-64... 

In this book, it is reviewed the current market and business environment and highlighted the importance of companies become demand driven instead of production driven based on the contingency approach. In a demand driven supply chain, customers activate the replenishment flow and the organization is structured and prepared to sense and respond to real time demand across the supply chain, which should include customers and suppliers. 

A popular overall factor refinement, known as the Hand factor approach, uses a different factor to estimate overall costs for each class of equipment to cover all labor field materials, eg, piping, insulation, electrical, foundations, stmctures, and finishes and indirect costs, but not contingencies. Hand factors range from 4 for fractionating towers down to 2.5 for miscellaneous equipment. 

With all of these pharmacotherapies, concurrent behavioral treatment is critical to retain the patient in treatment and maintain adherence to medication treatment. Contingency management programs in which patients receive vouchers that can be used to purchase pro-social goods and services are the most common reinforcer approaches used to initiate and maintain stimulant-free urine test results (Anker and Crowley 1982 Boudin 1972 Higgins et al. 1991, 1993, 1994). The major problem with these approaches has been maintaining abstinence after the reinforcers are withdrawn completely and devel-... 

A number of psychosocial treatments for alcohol and other substance use disorders exist and are widely used. In this chapter, we discuss six of these psychotherapies as they are applied to alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence brief interventions, motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral treatments (including contingency management and community reinforcement approaches), behavioral marital therapy, and 12-step facilitation. We also describe studies that examined the efficacy of a medication in combination with one or more of the six psychotherapies. In the second section of the chapter, we highlight research that directly studied the interaction between psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. 

Rawson RA, Huber A, McCann M, et al A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance treatment for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 817—824, 2002 Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Martin RA, et al Motivational enhancement and coping skills training for cocaine abusers effect on substance use outcomes. Addiction... 

Schottenfeld RS, Chawarski MC, Pakes JR, et al Methadone versus buprenorphine with contingency management or performance feedback for cocaine and opioid dependence. Am J Psychiatry 162 340-349, 2003 Smith JE, Meyers RJ, Delaney HD Community reinforcement approach with homeless alcohol-dependent individuals. J Consult Clin Psychol 66 341-348, 1998... 

L. A. Goodman, Some useful extensions of the usual correspondence analysis approach and the usual log-linear models approach in the analysis of contingency tables. Int. Statistical Rev., 54 (1986) 243-309. 

Here we develop the method specifically from the point of view of contingency tables and within the context of weighted metrics. We will show that LLM differs only from CFA in the type of preprocessing that is applied to the contingency table. The results of both approaches are often similar when there are no extreme contrasts in the data. 

The LLM approach described above has been applied to the 35x4 contingency Table 32.10 after some modification. In this case, we have replaced the pooled data in the first five rows by the corresponding average annual values. Further, columns 1 and 2 have been combined with columns 3 and 4 in order to produce the categories of women in all fields and of men in all fields. The reason for the change is our objective to produce an analysis of the ratios between chemistry and all fields rather than between chemistry and the other fields. 

While pharmacologic agents may help prevent relapse, psychotherapy should be the core therapeutic intervention. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 12-step facilitation (TSF), behavioral couples therapy (BCT), community reinforcement approaches, and contingency management are the best-studied forms of psychotherapy in this group of patients. 

Alternative Implementation Owners/operators are also allowed to use a combination of the Tier II and Tier III methodologies. Under this approach, rather than monitoring metal feed rates, a BIF would monitor the emission rates contingent upon approval from the Regional waste management director. 

The stated preference method is a direct approach and is used in order to value both use values and non-use values by using a hypothetical market. The choice experiment (CE) and the contingent valuation (CV) methods are the two most common examples of stated preference methods. In the CE method the respondents are asked to choose a level of environmental quality from a set of varying environmental qualities, called choice set. In the CV method the respondent is asked to imagine an environmental market situation and is then asked how she would act in that given situation. CE and CV attempts to find the WTP for a good or service by asking individuals direct questions about their preferences. Alternatively, researchers can ask the respondents for their WTA. 

The methods discussed above have been widely used to assess the effect of either continuous or intermittent nicotine on nAChR functions and brain biochemistry (Matta et al. 2007). For models of nicotine withdrawal, see the chapter by Malin in this volume. Given the intrinsic advantages and limitations of each approach, the non-contingent nature of most administration regimes and the absence of associated cues, it is important that these paradigms are not assumed to model tobacco addiction per se. Sometimes, the experiments are conducted in concert with behavioural measures (e.g. precipitation of withdrawal with somatic signs), which give more credibility to the assertion that a state of nicotine dependence has been achieved (Kenny and Markou 2005). 

Ideally, submove 3.3 both identihes a potential obstacle and offers a contingency plan. Considerthe following passages, all taken from submove3.3 of Experimental Approach sections. In each passage, identify the problem and, if present, the possible solution. 

Exploration of the scope of NPS in electrochemical science and engineering has so far been rather limited. The estimation of confidence intervals of population mean and median, permutation-based approaches and elementary explorations of trends and association involving metal deposition, corrosion inhibition, transition time in electrolytic metal deposition processes, current efficiency, etc.[8] provides a general framework for basic applications. Two-by-two contingency tables [9], and the analysis of variance via the NPS approach [10] illustrate two specific areas of potential interest to electrochemical process analysts. 

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