Avoidance contingency

Conventional PR valves and discharge systems should be designed such that built-up back pressure does not exceed 10% of set pressure (both measured in psig), to avoid chattering problems. In the case where a pressure relief valve system is sized for fire conditions, with 21 % overpressure, built-up back pressure up to 21 % of set pressure is permissible. However, the lower rates resulting from other contingencies still must meet the 10% limitation. 

It is recommended that computations of relieving loads avoid cascading of safety factors or multiple contingencies beyond the reasonable flow required to protect the pressure vessel. ... 

During catabolic and anabolic processes, a renovation of the molecular cellular components takes place. It should be emphasized that the catabolic and anabolic pathways are independent of each other. Be these pathways coincident and differing in the cycle direction only, the metabolism would have been side-tracked to the so-called useless, or futile, cycles. Such cycles arise in pathology, where a useless turnover of metabolites may occur. To avoid this undesirable contingency, the synthetic and degradative routes in the cell are most commonly separated in space. For example, the oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria, while the synthesis thereof proceeds extramitochondrially, in the microsomes. 

This exemption is person-specific, but contains no time limitations — i.e. a manufacturer may qualify for the exemption and thus avoid the PMN requirements indefinitely, so long as the company does not market more than one tonne annually.(14). This low volume exemption is contingent upon the manufacturer providing a limited notice to each Member State in which the substance is marketed, and complying "with any conditions imposed by those authorities" in the various Member States. 

This intuition corresponds to the standard game-theoretic result that making outcomes worse in some contingencies can help people because they may now avoid getting into those contingencies. 

The use of nuclear family data in association studies was initially developed to avoid possible ethnic mismatching between patients and randomly ascertained controls (76). The parental marker alleles not transmitted to an affected child, or never transmitted to an affected sib pair, form the so-called AFBAC population (19,20) (Fig. 1). In a random mating population, when there is a marker association with disease, the AFBAC population provides an unbiased estimate of the overall population (control) marker alleles when the recombination fraction between the marker and disease genes is sufficiently small that it can be taken as zero (0 = 0), and differences between patient and AFBAC frequencies can be tested for example by a contingency table analysis for heterogeneity. 

Turnarounds, or major periodic overhauls of chemical plant units, are a special case of plant maintenance. Since the units are shut down, some exposure risks are avoided. However, since the unit is not in production, there is a time pressure to complete the turnaround and resume production. In such an environment, there is the potential for disorganization and misunderstanding on the part of workers with the unanticipated release of contaminants. To conduct a safe turnaround requires careful planning. Contingencies need to be anticipated to the greatest extent possible and plans made to deal with them. 

Over the past half century, the held of economics has developed a rich and extensive literature that advances the theory and methodology of estimating values associated with the myriad unmarketed yet economically valuable benefits provided by nature. While the literature is vast, the number of approaches available to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services remains limited to only a handful, each with its own strengths and weaknesses (for comprehensive reviews, see Mitchell and Carson, 1989 Freeman, 1993 Smith, 2000 Mathis et al., 2003). These include replacement costs and avoided costs analysis, factor income analysis, hedonic pricing, contingent valuation, and travel costs analysis. A discussion of these approaches follows later in this section. Although there is often considerable debate about the methods used and the accuracy of the values derived, there is little doubt that the unpriced economic value of ecosystem services is enormous.9... 

---