Contingency relationships

It is acknowledged that media plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of terrorism and political violence (Lewis, 2005). Mary scholars claim that there exist a contingent relationship between contemporary terrorism and the modem mass media (Laqueur, 2003 Schmid, 1989 Wdkinson, 1997). However these scholars have limited their focus to the message-bearing capacity of the mass media and the possibility for terrorists to shape public opinions (Lewis, 2005). The public perception of terrorism risk is not only shaped by terrorists themselves. Most of what is written in the media about terrorism is not derived from terrorists, but from other stakeholders in society. 

The relationship between these behavioral events is a contingency relationship, that is, an if-then relationship. If the antecedent conditions are present, then the behavior will occur. If the behavior occurs, it will be followed by the consequence. 

Continental Tyres crisis team put together a list of all customers, parts, and suppliers outstanding, identified critical shipments by the afternoon of 9/11, and expedited those critical parts by land transport and through contingency relationships with transport firms. 

The relationship between IR and chemical similarity searching is discussed in detail by Edgar et al. (11) who summarize the various effectiveness measures in terms of the 2 x 2 contingency table shown in Table 1. In this table, it is assumed that a search has been carried out resulting in the retrieval of the n nearest neighbors at the top of the ranked output. Assume that these n nearest neighbors include a of the A active molecules in the complete database, which contains a total of N molecules. Then the recall, R, is defined to be the fraction of the active molecules that are retrieved, i.e.,... 

Weiss SRB, Post RM, Sohn E, et al Cross tolerance between carbamazepine and valproate on amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsy Res 16 37-44, 1993 Weiss SRB, Clark M, Rosen JB, et al Contingent tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine relationship to loss of endogenous adaptive mechanisms. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20 305-325, 1995 Weissman MM Panic disorder impact on the quality of life. J Clin Psychiatry 52 [suppl) 6-8, 1991... 

We feel such a situation prevails today in photochemistry. Although the relationship between, and the great importance of, spectroscopy to photochemistry was recognized early, traditionally these two fields of physical chemistry have developed almost in parallel, with useful overlap occurring only in the study of some relatively simple systems. Now these fields have almost merged and are joined by a strong contingent... 

Since both the columns and rows of a contingency table are formed on the basis of categorizations, the table could be re-oriented so that the two different devices form the rows and the expelled/non-expelled categories form the columns. There is no absolute rule about how such tables should be laid out, but in the author s experience, they are more intuitive if the independent factor is used as the columns and the dependent as the rows. This is what has been done above (expulsion may depend upon device design, but not vice versa). In some tables the two forms of categorization, though potentially associated, may not have any obvious dependent relationship and the table could equally well be presented in either orientation. 

To investigate relationships between crustacean grazing rates on Phaeocystis and experimental conditions, a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) followed by a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed using SPAD 3.5 software (Lebart et al. 1988). The combination of MCA and cluster analysis is a common way to explore relationships among a large number of variables and to facilitate interpretation of the correspondence analysis results (Lebart et al. 2000). MCA uses a contingency table as data, which provides a simultaneous representation of the observations (rows) and variables (column) in a factorial space. This form of multivariate analysis describes the total inertia (or variability) of a multidimensional... 

A special type of problem afflicts archaeologists when an innovative pottery style appears that they cannot with confidence relate to any place of origin. Because the typological approach does not allow for such contingencies, the archaeologists have to resort to tortuous relationships. There are striking cases in which laboratory work showed that these guesses were without foundation. 

---