Controlling contingencies

Standards In order to ensure consistency, standards must be used, for example, GAMP [1] and in-house standards and procedures. These procedures will typically cover production of validation documentation, change control, contingency planning, and so on. 

Reporting relationships Procedures and controls Contingency and emergency plans Change control... 

There are a large number of contingencies that influence the design of a particular PRV, but may have no impact on the design of the overall plant. The controlling contingencies need to be established and reported for the following situations ... 

Both transient and steady-state situations need to be considered. In some cases, the transient situation may result in a controlling contingency e.g., gas in the high-pressure side and liquid in the low-pressure side in other cases, the steady-state contingency may do so. The transient state is the state just after the tube rupture, and any steady state is a stable flow after the transient phase is over. 

The heated polymer solution emerges as filaments from the spinneret into a column of warm air. Instantaneous loss of solvent from the surface of the filament causes a soHd skin to form over the stiU-Hquid interior. As the filament is heated by the warm air, more solvent evaporates. More than 80% of the solvent can be removed during a brief residence time of less than 1 s in the hot air column. The air column or cabinet height is 2—8 m, depending on the extent of drying required and the extmsion speed. The air flow may be concurrent or countercurrent to the direction of fiber movement. The fiber properties are contingent on the solvent-removal rate, and precise air flow and temperature control are necessary. 

In addition to failure as a result of their utihty supply, items of equipment are subject to individual failure through mechanical malfunction. Such items include pumps, fans, compressors, mixers, instruments and control valves. The process upset resulting from such malfunctions (e.g., loss of a reflux pump) may in turn result in emergency conditions and the potential for overpressure. These contingencies should be examined and evaluated. 

Overheating can result in overpressure due to reduction of allowable stress. Therefore, flie design must include monitoring and control features to prevent the occurrence of decompositions and runaway reactions, since conventional pressure reheving devices cannot normally provide protection against these contingencies. 

Although such events cannot be prevented, their effects can be reduced and in some cases eliminated. Hence contingency plans should cover those events that can be anticipated where the means to minimize the effects are within your control. What may be a force majeure situation for your suppliers does not need to be the same for you. 

Successful installation, or roll-out, of your PSM systems requires sound planning and effective execution. No matter how diligent you have been, or how receptive and well-managed your company may be, no system as complex as PSM can work perfectly the first time. As every project manager knows, it s impossible to anticipate every outcome or contingency—especially when human behavior is involved. Pilot testing a new system provides the opportunity to identify weaknesses under controlled conditions this in turn enables you to fix problems before the system becomes fully operational. Once these problems are corrected, the pilot test produces a template for installation that can be replicated elsewhere. 

In the CPI, the most extensively studied human-machine interface is in the central control room in automated plants where plant information is displayed on visual display units (VDUs) and appropriate control actions are made by the operating team. In the case of a highly automated plant, the primary role of the human is to respond to unexpected contingencies such as plant states that have not been anticipated by the designers of the automatic... 

A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies by Levin and Lehman (1991) showed that desipramine produced greater cocaine abstinence than placebo. Although a more recent review did not concur (Lima et al. 2001), secondary analyses of studies with imipramine, desipramine, and bupropion suggested that depressed cocaine abusers are more likely to show significant reductions in cocaine abuse than nondepressed cocaine abusers (Margolin et al. 1995 Nunes et al. 1991 Ziedonis and Kosten 1991). Furthermore, recent work with desipramine supported its efficacy in opioid-dependent patients, particularly in combination with contingency management therapies (Kosten et al. 2004 Oliveto et al. 1999). 

Significantly different from control by an Analysis of Variance and Tukey s test (measurements) or the 2X2 contingency table (resorptions), P <0.05. 

Incidence among litters % (number of affected litters/number examined). Significantly different from control by 2 X 2 contingency table, P <0.05. 

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