Contingency view

The assumption that our proteins have something special from the energetic point of view, would correspond to a strict deterministic view that claims that the pathway leading to our proteins was determined, that there was no other possible route. Someone adhering strictly to a biochemical anthropic principle might even say that these proteins are the way they are in order to allow life and the development of mankind on Earth. The contingency view would recite instead the following if our proteins or nucleic acids have no special properties from the point of view of... 

I take it that realization, whether it be by property instantiations or by states of affairs, involves the determination of what is realized it is metaphysically necessary that given the realizer there is what is realized. If realization is a matter of the realizer in some sense playing the causal role of what is realized, this will face a difficulty on the view that properties have their causal features only contingently. The difficulty can be met either by rejecting the contingency view (which I recommend-see Shoemaker, 1980) or by including in the realizer the obtaining of the physical laws in virtue of which the realizers have their causal features. 

Here we develop the method specifically from the point of view of contingency tables and within the context of weighted metrics. We will show that LLM differs only from CFA in the type of preprocessing that is applied to the contingency table. The results of both approaches are often similar when there are no extreme contrasts in the data. 

From the management point of view, it is important to outline all the steps and devise various contingency plans for the entire product development project. For this purpose, the RAT2IO module and the objective-time chart can be of use [9]. RAT2IO stands for resources, activity, time, tools, input/output information, and objective (Table 16.2-2). 

The claim of the inevitability of life on Earth is criticized by some authors, for example Szathmary calls it the gospel of the inevitability (Szathmdry, 2002), and Lazcano (2003) has similar views. This inevitability view has its counterpart in the notion that contingency is the basic creative force for shaping the molecular and evolutionistic constructs on Earth (which de Duve, 2002, dubbed the gospel of contingency ). It should be said that de Duve accepts contingency, but in a context other than the origin of life (de Duve, 2002). 

This, in terms of the question why this. . . and not that is consistent with the view that the structures chosen by nature are not necessarily the obligatory ones. This is, of course, in keeping with the idea of contingency. The relation between contingency and determinism also forms the basis of the next issue, homochirality. 

It has already been mentioned that the origin of homochirality in nature can be viewed in terms of the controversy between determinism and contingency. Is the L form of amino acids determined by some physical law of nature or is it a matter of chance in chemical evolution ... 

It is worthwhile also mentioning that the origin of homochirality has been viewed in terms of a bifurcation scenario (Kondepudi and Prigogine, 1981 Kondepudi et al, 1985). In this case, the homochirality present on Earth would be a product of contingency. 

More generally, I will try to illustrate the different views on the origin of life and early evolution - notions like determinism and contingency will come into focus. All these scientific views are based on the postulate that life on Earth comes from inanimate matter and a corollary of this postulate is that it might be possible to reconstitute life in the laboratory, at least in some elementary form. The ambition of understanding the prebiotic chemistry leading to the transition to life, and ultimately, to the Faustian dream of making hfe on the workbench, underlies the whole field -and is also the common thread of this book. 

The foregoing options, and what follows, relate only to the development aspects of a project. You should not allow concern for your own development to cause you to neglect such essential matters as orgeinizational purposes or how the project will impact on others. You also need to be prepared for contingencies. Unexpected events, people s reactions and views, changing circumstances, will need to be accommodated as the project unfolds. 

Metaphysical realism is the view that assumes a position similar to the external observer watching the waterfall and the painting about it. On the one hand, there is the world. On the other hand, there are our representations and descriptions of it. These may be thoughts, sentences, mental pictures - for our purposes it does not matter. The world is independent of the representations. It would have existed and would have had the same characteristics even if no representations had ever been prepared. A representation is true if it matches the segment of the world it is a representation of. Whether a representation is true is completely independent of what its maker believes about it. It is also independent of the techniques the maker of the representation uses to check how good the representation is, i. e. it is independent of the verification procedures. The verification procedures are useful, but they are linked to truth only contingently. So truth is one thing, verification is another. 

On the internal realist view there cannot be a mismatch. The real structures are the structures our recognition abilities and justification conditions identify. The real boundaries coincide with the boundaries we draw, since the former are identical with the latter. Something is a dog, if the sentence This is a dog is justified when it is applied to it, for the very kind DOG owes its existence to the justification conditions. As a result, at least some of our sentences are bound to be true, namely, those simple sentences whose justification conditions are responsible for drawing the boundaries. So truth cannot completely diverge from justification. There are sentences for which to be true is to be justified. Consequently, there is a conceptual connection between truth and justification. The connection is not purely contingent. Truth is then not completely non-epistemic. 

Others, notably Musson and Robinson, have stressed the scientific nature of Watt s work, often by indicating his reliance upon, or at least his close association with, Blacks researches on heat. Most recendy Margaret Jacob and Larry Stewart have endorsed this view on broader grounds.43 In much modern scholarship the boundaries between science/technology and between rhetoric/practice are not seen as being so readily drawn, if drawable at all. The contingent processes whereby such boundaries are constructed have become, for many, the object of study.44... 

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