Computer-interfaced system

The computer interface system lends itself well to the determination of interfacial tension and contact angles using Equation 3 and the technique described by Pike and Thakkar for Wilhelmy plate type experiments (20). Contact angles for crude oil/brine systems using the dynamic Wilhelmy plate technique have been determined by this technique and all three of the wetting cycles described above have been observed in various crude oil/brine systems (21) (Teeters, D. Wilson, J. F. Andersen, M. A. Thomas, D. C. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1988, 126, in press). The dynamic Wilhelmy plate device also addresses other aspects of wetting behavior pertinent to petroleum reservoirs. 

The instructor will describe how to operate the infrared spectrophotometer, because the controls vary considerably, depending on the manufacturer, model of the instrument, and type. For example, some instruments involve pushing only a few buttons, whereas others use a more complicated computer interface system. 

Brain-computer interfaces can be used for state-of-the-art medical devices to control and communicate with neural prostheses such as artificial hands, feet and wheelchairs. The importance of BCI neuro-technology places BT-IT-NT-CT convergence technology in the 21th century in a position to have a considerable impact on society. To implement a brain-computer interface system, either a noninvasive or an invasive method can be used. With the invasive method, bio-compatibility, infection and ethical issues arise. These issues make noninvasive methods preferable over invasive methods for commercialization. Noninvasive brain-computer interface systems provide a method of control and communication for those who are severely disabled. These methods also allow the creation of a more intelligent and human friendly user interface for computer software [1]. 

Leow,R. S., Moghawemi, M. Ibrahim, E. "An efficient low-cost real-time brain computer interface system based on SSVEP, lEICE Electron. Express, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp.326-33I, (2010) (/5/-Cite4 Publication)... 

Yahud, S., and N.A Abu Osman. 2007. Prosthetic hand for the brain-computer interface system. IFMBE Proceedings 15 643-646. Springer, Berlin. 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Personal computer interface simplifies operator control of the system through a user-friendly interface. 

Command modules communicate with other modules through a local area network (LAN). Through this LAN, command modules receive information from the local control modules and store data. These data can be stored from a week to two years, depending on the recording interval and the number of points to be monitored. Unlike host-based systems, which use a central computer to interrogate each command module individually, the computer interface can tap into the network like any other command module. 

The personal computer interface allows for easy operation of an EMCS, but all of the system s control... 

Current Development. Following success of the prototype IPU a second more comprehensive facility was commissioned. This is capable of up to four pumps of mixed peristalitic or diaphragm types, each linked to specific feed vessels on individual balances. The whole is interfaced to an IBM AT computer (see Figure 7) which in addition to Intelligent liquid additions, has the capacity to absorb modules from the work on temperature control and stirring in a full multi-tasking computer-assisted system, as mentioned above. 

Figure 7. Families of cellular interfaces computed for System I with k = 0.865 as a function of increasing P in a A /2 sample size. The cells are represented by the dimensionless arc length. The letters refer to sample interface shapes shown in Figure 8.

The DAC system consisted of computer, interface cards, meters, transmitters, and solid state relays (SSR). Electrodes of pH (Ingold), Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Cole-Parmer), and Dissolved Oxygen (Ingold) were installed and connected to individual meter. The status of reactor and the value of electrode signal were displayed in a computer monitor, and stored in data file. 

S. Coyle, T. Ward, C. Markham, and G. McDarby. On the suitability of near-infrared (nir) systems for next-generation brain-computer interfaces. Physiological Measurement, 25 815-822, 2004. 

In the last few years, the number of ENDOR publications on systems of biological interest has remarkably increased, indicating that the advantages offered by this technique have been realized by many research groups. It should not be concealed, however, that in this type of compounds poor sensitivity may cause serious problems, so that large samples and (or) computer interfacing capabilities have usually to be available. 

Importance. The control room is the major interface with the plant. Automation is increasingly common in all degrees of sophistication, Irom single-loop systems to computer-control systems. 

Overall, most of the requirements for a process spectrometer/analyzer are straightforward to implement, but they do require attention at the design level. Another important area, which is FTIR specific, is the user interface and the need to provide for industry standard data communications. Standard software packages do exist for process instrumentation. For prototype development, and even for the front-end interface in a stand-alone mode of operation, software products, such as National Instraments Lab View and the Mathworks MatLab, are also important instrumentation development tools. Note that National Instruments also provides important computer-based electronics and hardware that meet most of the computer interfacing, and system control and communications needs for modem instrumentation. For practical installations, a product known... 

The Ravenfield model BS viscometer is a wide shear rate range instrument with several possible measurement systems cone—plate, parallel plates, concentric cylinders, and taper plug. The last gives shear rates of up to 106 s-1, and the cone—plate of up to 8 x 104 -1. The viscosity range is 102 108 mPa-s. Measurements can normally be made up to 170°C, but with special modifications even higher temperatures can be achieved. A computer interface permits two-way communication with a computer. 

D Commercial COTS controlled by external computer Hybrid systems such as automated dissolution workstation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) interface Liquid chromatographs, gas chromatographs, UV/Vis spectrophotometers, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers, near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometers, mass spectrometers, atomic absorption spectrometers, thermal gravimetric analyzers, COTS automation workstations... 

The automation concept implemented at Conroe is called computer production control (CPC).2 CPC systems are driven by a general purpose process-control computer (48-K core memory) centrally located and programmed to monitor production and equipment operations and perform oil and gas accounting. As shown in Fig. 11, the computer is connected to a supervisory control system with a computer interface unit (CIU) to provide remote data acquisition and control function capability. 

Data processing techniques are extremely useful in both pure EPR and electro-chemical-EPR studies. Details of the EPR computer interface are unique to each system and to the goals of each experiment. Since the theory and methodology of these digital operations are similar to those described elsewhere in this book, the discussion will not be reiterated here. There are numerous examples of signal averaging for kinetic measurements and for spectral accumulation using rapid scans. Short-lived species may be studied by these techniques. 

High transmission rates can be achieved, if necessary, over the relatively short distances required in a process plant. The PCM equivalent of the 4-20 mA analog transmission system shown in Fig. 6.1 can operate at up to 9,600 baud for distances up to 3000 m. The standard RS-232C transmission link is limited to about 15 m at rates up to 20,000 baud. Higher speed interfaces (such as versions of the IEEE-488 connection) used for computer control systems can handle up to 20,000 bytes/s (which for an 8-bit system is about 1.6 x 105 baud). However, in this case, the distance between devices is limited to about 2 m(4). The more recent RS-422A standard allows the transmission of data rates of 107 baud over distances not exceeding 16.4 m and 105 baud over distances not exceeding 1220 m(9S). 

The automatic apparatus consists of a viscosimeter and phototran-sistorized sensing devices mounted in a precision thermostat ( 0.005°C) connected to a cooled prethermostat ( 0.1°C). The base apparatus is commercially available (Schott Viscotimer, Jenaer Glaswerk, Schott Gen., Mainz), but the viscosimeter control functions and the time measurements are performed by using an electronic computer-controlled interface. This modification enables one to follow slow reactions and to reduce standard errors on the outflow times to 2 msec. The final results are evaluated numerically by an on-line computer-plotter system. 

To maintain a perpetual inventory system, all purchases and sales must be entered into the computer system (Carroll, 1998 West, 2003). A clerk can enter data from purchases, or the computer dispensing system can be interfaced with the computer order system. The interface allows for the inventory to be reduced when a product is dispensed. The sales data can also be entered at the point of sale by devices that use optical scanning and barcode technology. Point-of-sale (POS) devices are advantageous in that they improve the accuracy of pricing and inventory data. They eliminate the need for price stickers, reduce the frequency of pricing errors, and automatically track inventory. 

A modular micro structured chemical reaction system (ICS) similar to [R 14] is claimed by Bard [84]. The system can use various replaceable and interchangeable cylindrical or rectangular reactors. Generally, the ICS system can include fluid flow handling and control components, mixers, reaction chip-type units, separator devices, process variable detectors and controllers and a computer interface for communicating with the master control center (see Figure 4.31) [84],... 

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