Hybrid computing

It is highly likely that by the second decade of the new millennium silicon-based computing will have reached fundamental technological or physical limits. Computers will therefore be based on substrates that exhibit superior performance characteristics. One possibility is the photon. Optoelectronic devices, which use substrates such as gallium arsenide, permit the interconversion of electrons and photons. Hybrid computers, which may already be available commercially by 2010, would use silicon for computation and photons for data transfer. The coherent modulation of very-high-frequency light beams enables many high-capacity... 

Computer Hybrid. It is a combination of digital and analog computers, such as the Electronics Association, Inc Hybrid Computer,... 

Electronic Associates, Inc, West Long Branch, NJ 07764 (Analog Computer Model 31R and 8800 Digital Computer Model 8400 and Hybrid Computer Model 8900)... 

At Picatinny Arsenal there are at present (Nov 1968), two digital and one analog computers. A new "hybrid computer (which comprises both digital and analog features) is planned to be installed in December 1968... 

The Hybrid Computer planned to be installed is the Model 8900 of the Electronic Associates Inc, composed of the 8800 Analog and the 8400 Digital computers and its associated linkage (Ref 26)... 

Molecular-beam epitaxy, for semiconductor growth, with Group 3 nitrides, 12, 4-5 Molecular gyroscopes, via iron carbonyls, 6, 51 Molecular mass distributions, in olefin polymerization, 4,1113 Molecular materials, and crystal engineering, 12, 555 Molecular mechanics future directions, 1, 666 in hybrid computational chemistry, 1, 664 Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation, 7, 239 Molecular modeling, arene chromium tricarbonyls, 5, 255 Molecular orbitals, and photoelectron spectroscopy variations,... 

A subset of the above is applicable for hybrid computer systems.3 The implementation of these requirements has been discussed in other articles.4,5... 

Hybrid systems In the context of Part 11, hybrid computer systems save required data from a regulated operation to magnetic media. However, the electronic records are not electronically signed. In summaiy, in hybrid systems some portions of a record are paper and some are electronic. 

An element beyond the scope of the model is the retention of electronic records, but the model can be used to verify and validate the implementation of the system(s) that will hold these records. A subset of the above requirements are applicable to hybrid computer systems,1 and the implementation of these requirements have been discussed in other articles.2,3 The fundamental requirements that Part 11 establishes are as follows ... 

Hybrid computer systems save data required by the existing regulations onto durable media. However, these electronic records are not electronically signed. An example of this configuration is provided by computer systems generating paper-based reports, which are printed and manually signed. 

Hybrid computers theoretically combine both advantages of analog and digital computers. But hybrid computation is probably not so versatile as digital computation for studying a broad variety of problems and hybrid computers are not as easily available as are digital computers. 

The time method of lines (continuous-space discrete-time) technique is a hybrid computer method for solving partial differential equations. However, in its standard form, the method gives poor results when calculating transient responses for hyperbolic equations. Modifications to the technique, such as the method of decomposition (12), the method of directional differences (13), and the method of characteristics (14) have been used to correct this problem on a hybrid computer. To make a comparison with the distance method of lines and the method of characteristics results, the technique was used by us in its standard form on a digital computer. 

Frank, R. 1980. S02-particulate interactions recent observations. Am. J. Ind. Med. l(3-4) 427-434. Frederick, C.B., M.L. Bush, L.G. Lomax, K.A. Black, L. Finch, J.S. Kimbell, K.T. Morgan, R.P. Subramaniam, J.B. Morris, and J.S. Ultman. 1998. Apphcation of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapolation of acidic vapors in the upper airways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152 (1) 211-231. 

Sweeney LM, Andersen ME, and Gargas ML (2004) Ethyl acrylate risk assessment with a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based nasal dosimetry model. Toxicological Sciences. 

Hybrid models, of course, are even rarer than connectionist ones, despite numerous demands for them. A number of prominent researchers (from both sides of the symbolic/connectionist argument) have suggested that some union of the two representations is in order. For example, in The Computer and the Mind (1988), Philip Johnson-Laird hypothesized that one way to get around some of the dilemmas posed by existing models of cognition was to postulate different levels of representation high-level explicit symbols and low-level distributed symbolic patterns (p. 192). The opinion of a long-time connectionist is reflected in the title of a recent article Hybrid Computation in Cognitive Sci-... 

Anderson, J. A. (1990). Hybrid computation in cognitive science Neural networks and symbols. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 337-347. 

Frederick, C. B., Lomax, L. G., Black, K. A., Finch, L., Scribner, H. E., Kimbell, J. S., Morgan, K. T., Subramaniam, R. R, and Morris, 1. B. (2002). Use of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry comparisons of ester vapors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 183(1), 23-40. 

The two-lump model was scaled using machine unit scaling and programmed on the hybrid computer. The most significant advantage of the tissue lump-capillary lump model over a single lump model is the possibility of observing tissue response characteristics separate from the blood response. 

Microcirculation Using Monte Carlo Techniques on the Hybrid Computer, Report, Chemical Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, S. C. 

We distinguish between digitu.1 [246] and analog computers [247] and the combination of the two in hybrid computational systems [248]. The digital computer supplies the data in tables of figures whereas the analog machine represents the results as time-dependent voltages which may be recorded in various forms. It would lead us too far to go into details here the reader is referred to books on the subject [248, 2491. 

O Connell, S.T., Thompson, P.A. Molecular dynamics-continuum hybrid computations a tool for studying complex fluid flow. Phys. Rev. E 52, 5792—5795 (1995)... 

Q Connell ST, Thompson PA (1995) Molecular dynamics-continuum hybrid computations a tool for... 

Rymon R, Zheng B, Chang YH et al (1998) Incorporation of a set enumeration trees-based classifier into a hybrid computer-assisted diagnosis scheme for mass detection. Acad Radiol 5 181-187... 

Carlone, P., Palazzo, G. S. and Pasquino, R. (2007), Pultrusion manufacturing process development Cure optimization by hybrid computational methods . Computers ... 

Eteson, D.C., and Zwiebel, 1., Hybrid computer solution of the simple fixed bed adsorption model, AlChE J.. 15(1), 124-126(1969). 

The hybrid computational tool has been successfully employed to size, simulate and optimize die new tank design. As an illustration of the results obtained, we compare in... 

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