Additives liquid

In the study of fluids at rest, we are concerned with the transmission of force and the factors which affect the forces in liquids. Additionally, pressure in and on liquids and factors affecting pressure are of great importance. 

Carbonates and bicarbonates are used as lower alkalinity adjuncts or substitutes for hydroxide. It has been suggested that hydroxide/carbonate systems are more resistant to carbonation during spraying than hydroxide-only solutions. Powder products blended with light sodium carbonate are much less hygroscopic, and the carbonate can be a useful carrier for liquid additives, such as surfactants and solvents. 

SNCR programs typically employing liquid additive formulations based on urea (carbamide, NH2CONH2), together with stabilizers and modifiers, are particularly useful. The additive is sprayed into the combustion area, after the burner. The use of such additives reduces the NOx level by between 50 and 90% by converting NOx into harmless nitrogen and water. 

In many instances, two or more miscible liquids must be mixed to give a product of a desired specification, such as, for example, in the blending of petroleum products of different viscosities. This is the simplest type of mixing as it involves neither heat nor mass transfer, nor indeed a chemical reaction. Even such simple operations can however pose problems when the two liquids have vastly different viscosities. Another example is the use of mechanical agitation to enhance the rates of heat and mass transfer between the wall of a vessel, or a coil, and the liquid. Additional complications arise in the case of highly viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. 

Current Development. Following success of the prototype IPU a second more comprehensive facility was commissioned. This is capable of up to four pumps of mixed peristalitic or diaphragm types, each linked to specific feed vessels on individual balances. The whole is interfaced to an IBM AT computer (see Figure 7) which in addition to Intelligent liquid additions, has the capacity to absorb modules from the work on temperature control and stirring in a full multi-tasking computer-assisted system, as mentioned above. 

Separation of phases is sometimes a problem, especially in the case of mixtures of alkaline aqueous solutions and organic liquids. Addition of materials that decrease the surface tension, filtration of the emulsion to remove interfacial contamination, and the use of sedimentation centrifuges should be considered if the separation time is too long. 

Neutralized sulfonated asphalt (i.e., salts of sulfonated asphalt and their blends with materials such as Gilsonite, blown asphalt, lignite, and mixtures of the latter compounds) are commonly used as additives in drilling fluids. These additives, however, cause some foaming in water or water-based fluids. Furthermore, these additives are only partially soluble in the fluids. Therefore, liquid additives have been developed to overcome some of the problems associated with the use of dry additives. On the other hand, with liquid compositions containing polyglycols, stability problems can arise. Stable compositions can be obtained by special methods of preparation [1407]. In particular first the viscosifier is mixed with water, then the polyglycol, and finally the sulfonated asphalt is added. 

W. Lange and B. Boehmer. Water-soluble polymers and their use as flushing liquid additives for drilling. Patent US 4749498, 1988. 

B. B. Patel. Liquid additive comprising a sulfonated asphalt and processes therefor and therewith. Patent US 5502030, 1996. 

What methods are used to introduce liquid additives into polymers ... 

The chemical or physical characteristics of solid or liquid additives, such as extenders, white pigments, dispersing agents, plasticizers, or pigment/extender combinations. 

Ionic liquid Additional component(s) Coated electrode Enzyme(s) Analyte(s) detected Detection range (M) LOD (M) Method Ref. ... 

Zhang C., and Malhotra, S.V., Increased paraoxon detection by acetylcholinesterase inactivation with ionic liquid additives, Talanta, 67, 560-565, 2005. 

In solutions and in mixtures of liquids, additional light scattering arises from irregular changes in density and refractive index due to fluctuations in composition. If the solution is dilute, the density fluctuations are essentially identical to those existing in the pure solvent [9]... 

This mixture was prepared from 99% nitric acid and sulphuric anhydride. White salt (XVIII) was introduced to the mixture at a temperature of 30°C. The heat evolved during nitration (approximately 500 kcal per kg of cyclonite) was removed by means of a cooling coil. The cyclonite so formed was partly suspended and partly dissolved in the nitrating liquid. Addition of water completely precipitated the product which was separated on a vacuum filter. The composition of the spent acid was ... 

The topic covered in the 10 papers of the first section is commonly referred to as salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibrium and is potentially of great industrial importance. This salt effect leads to extractive distillation processes in which a dissolved salt replaces a liquid additive as the separating agent the replacement often results in a greatly improved separating ability and reduced energy requirements. Two papers in this volume, those by Sloan and by Vaillancourt, illustrate the use of such processing to concentrate nitric acid from its aqueous azeotrope. Nevertheless, the effect has not been exploited by industry to nearly the extent that would seem to be merited by its scientific promise. 

In some plants the pitches are received and stored as liquids. Addition to the mixers can be either through a weighing system or positive displacement pumps (3). Except for equipment differences, the results of utilizing liquid pitch are similar to bulk. 

In calculating the volume required for a batch reactor, we shall be specifying the volume of liquid which must be processed. In designing the vessel itself the heights should be increased by about 10 per cent to allow freeboard for waves and disturbances on the surface of the liquid additional freeboard may have to be provided if foaming is anticipated. 

The preparation involves introduction of liquid and/or powdered additives into powdered basic material. Liquid additives may be introduced into separate tanks beforehand (periodically or continuously) or the material may be passed through a chamber in which the liquid is sprayed. Powdered additives may be introduced in periodic or continuous mixers. 

Introduction of liquid additives increases the moisture content, which necessitates drying of the material. 

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