Ethical issues

When conducting a clinical trial, the well-being of the study subjects is primary. Subjects must be treated fairly and with respect. The two primary methods of ensuring fair treatment of study subjects are review of the study protocol by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee and 

While we d all like to do the right thing, getting single-nse copyright permission for popular songs is likely to mn 500 at a minimum and double that in most situations. 

Which brings us full-circle to how recognizable a sample is. The Material Girl is going to be much more tense about you using her material than a relatively unknown band in your area. How the sample is used is important, as well, since using a sample as a tribute to your favorite artist is going to be received quite differently from a parody or satire. 

One excellent place to explore this issue more fully is on AaOplanet (www.acidplanet.com) in the Community section. One warning The use of sampled material from CDs is vehemently opposed hy most AClDplaneteers on ethical and, more importantly, artistic grounds. Don your asbestos suit and prepare for a flamin if you disagree  

Critical Care and Chronic Ventilation Service, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester, U.K. 

The purpose of this chapter is to describe some of the legal and ethical issues pertinent to the practice of critical care medicine, in particular, to the management of those patients who are stable but remain ventilator dependent with little prospect of ventilator independence. 

Doctors have a duty of care to always act in the best interests of the patient. This means offering those treatments where the potential benefits outweigh the burdens or risks associated with treatment and avoiding treatments that are futile or of no benefit to the patient. The difficulty lies in understanding the patient s best interests and avoiding our personal biases in the interpretation of quality of life. 

In the United Kingdom, two recent high profile cases, in which there was a difference of opinion as to what constituted best interests, have highlighted the difficulties in this area. The parents of two children, Charlotte Whyatt and Luke Winston-Jones (1), went to the high court to demand that, in the event of deterioration, their children would be resuscitated and receive advanced respiratory support in an intensive care unit (ICU). This has resulted in much debate, as in both cases the medical decisions were upheld and it was decided that mechanical ventilation and resuscitation was not in the patients best interests. 

It is generally argued that prolonging life is in the best interests of the patient, provided that the treatment is not considered to be excessively burdensome or disproportionate to the expected benefits. Doctors should not strive pointlessly to prolong the dying process with no regard to the patients or the wishes of the patient s representative, the burden of treatment, or an assessment of the effect of treatment on the remaining quality of life for the patient. 

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Continuing dependence on fossil fuels raises several major ethical issues. Ethical questions concerning our responsibilities to future generations arc raised by the fact that fossil fuels are a nonrenewable energy source, so that eveiy barrel of oil or ton of coal burned today is forever lost to future generations. Further, the by-products of fossil fuel combustion pose hazards to both present and future generations. 

Additionally, the lEE professional development function is exploring the possibility for Chartered Engineers in the regions to take on mentees who lack company support. There are still some reservations about ethical issues in these relationships - for example, mentors who might work for competitors of the mentee s company. This new lEE Mentoring Network will offer candidates an opportunity to find a trained mentor who is outside their immediate work place. The network is supported by the lEE Professional Development Section -principally Tony Johns (lEE Mentoring Executive Officer). A retired Chartered Engineer with many years experience as a traditional lEE mentor, Johns role is to ... 

The obligations of mentors and mentees to each other are explored in subsequent chapters, and the issue of corrfidentiaUty in particular is returned to in Chapters 10 and 11. Overall, the literature is remarkably devoid of references to ethical issues in business mentoring. It is highly likely that this will be the focus of academic and practitioner concern in years to come as mentoring is established as a common framework for handling ethical dilemmas in business. 

Besides asking mentors about business problems that can be solved analytically, mentees tend to discuss ethical issues with their mentors. It is on these occasions that mentors can contribute to the health of society they should raise mentees ethical and moral sensitivity. They ought to demonstrate the value of ethical behaviour for business success and depict the downside of unethical actions. 

Ethical Issues Privacy, Liability, Ownership, and Power... 

ETHICAL ISSUES PRIVACY, LIABILITY, OWNERSHIP, AND POWER... 

Mason RO. Four ethical issues of the information age. MIS Quarterly 1986 10 (March) 4-12. 

Proposed international guidelines on ethical issues in medical genetics and genetic services http //wmv.who.int/ncd/ hgn/hgnethic.htm. 

Ross LF, Moon MR. Ethical issues in genetic testing of children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000 154 873-879. 

Several other chapters in this book address ethical issues, which are essential for the educational programs. Pharmacogenomic analyses will multiply the challenges of explaining available tests and gaining informed consent to perform each test. In some cases, patients or relatives will be asked... 

Buchanan, A., et al., "Pharmacogenetics Ethical Issues and Policy Options," Kennedy Inst. Ethics /., 12, 1-17 (2002). 

Moral and Ethical Issues Related to Treatment, Therapy, and Continuing Care... 

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