Combustion Engineering

Unlike spark-induced combustion engines requiring fuel that resists autoignition, diesel engines require motor fuels, for vhich the reference compound is cetane, that are capable of auto-igniting easily. Additives improving the cetane number will promote the oxidation of paraffins. The only compound used is ethyl-2-hexyl nitrate. 

Stenhouse I A, Williams D R, Cole J B and Swords M D 1979 CARS measurements in an internal combustion engine Appl. Opt. 18 3819-25... 

J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Eundamentah McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. 

Reciproca.ting Piston Meters. In positive-displacement meters of the reciprocating piston type, one or more pistons similar to those in an internal-combustion engine are used to convey the fluid. Capacity per cycle can be adjusted by changing the piston stroke. 

Isomeric dichlorotetra uoroben2enes have been studied for Rankine-cycle external combustion engines (225). 

Ben2otrifluoride has been recommended as a fuel additive for internal combustion engines (347). 

J. L. Smith, Early and Current Systems Utilic ng Kefuse Derived Fuels, Combustion Engineering Co., Windsor, Conn., 1986. 

J. G. Singer, Combustion Engineering—A Reference Book on Combustion, A Reference Book on Fuel Burning and Steam Generation, Combustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, Conn., 1991. 

R. L. Patel and co-workers, "Reactivity Characteri2ation of SoHd Fuels in an Atmospheric Bench-Scale Fluidi2ed-Bed Combustor," presented at the 1988 Joint AS ME/IEEE Power Generation Conference, Philadelphia, Sept. 25—29, 1988 also as Combustion Engineering Tpuhlic tion TlS-8391. 

Hydrogen-storage alloys (18,19) are commercially available from several companies in the United States, Japan, and Europe. A commercial use has been developed in rechargeable nickel—metal hydride batteries which are superior to nickel—cadmium batteries by virtue of improved capacity and elimination of the toxic metal cadmium (see BATTERIES, SECONDARYCELLS-ALKALINe). Other uses are expected to develop in nonpolluting internal combustion engines and fuel cells (qv), heat pumps and refrigerators, and electric utility peak-load shaving. 

Fig. 6. Schematic ignition diagram for a hydrocarbon+ O2 mixture, with appHcations. Region A, very rapid combustion, eg, a jet engine region B, low temperature ignition, eg, internal combustion engine, safety ha2ards regions C and D, slow oxidation to useful chemicals, eg, 0-heterocycHc compounds in C and alcohols and peroxides in D. Courtesy of Blackwell Scientific PubHcations, Ltd., Oxford (60).

M. A. DeLuchi, E. D. Laison, and R. H. WiUiams, Hjdrogen andMethanol Production and Use in Fuel Cell andintemal Combustion Engine Vehicles—-A preliminary Assessment, Vol. 12, Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector, ASME, Fuels and Combustion Technologies Division, New York, 1991, pp. 55-70. 

In internal combustion engine, unless otherwise noted. Fuel cells. 

In the fuel cell hydrogen is used two to three times as efficiendy as in an internal combustion engine. Hence, when utilized in a fuel cell, hydrogen can cost two to three times that of more conventional fossil fuels and stiU be competitively priced, ie, as of this writing the market price for hydrogen when used in a fuel cell and produced by electrolysis is competitively priced with gasoline. 

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine. Standard gasoline and diesel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles can be converted to mn on hydrogen. These vehicles have often been found considerably less polluting, safer, and more efficient than their fossil fuel-burning counterparts. 

E. Obert, Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution, Intext Educational Pubhshers, New York, 1973, p. 96. 

Detergents generally are avoided in oils other than for intemal-combustion engines since they may introduce foaming and emulsion problems. 

Foam Inhibitors. Methyl sihcone polymers of 300-1000 mm /s(= cSt)) at 40°C are effective additives at only 3—150 ppm for defoaming oils in internal combustion engines, turbines, gears, and aircraft appHcations. Without these additives, severe churning and mixing of oil with air may sometimes cause foam to overflow from the lubrication system or interfere with normal oil circulation. Because sihcone oil is not completely soluble in oil, it forms a dispersion of minute droplets of low surface tension that aid in breaking foam bubbles. 

Courtesy of Taylor Instrument Co. (now Taylor Instrument, Combustion Engineering, Inc.). 

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