Internal-combustion engines four strokes

The internal combustion engine can be operated as a two-stroke or a four-stroke engine. 

Figure 15.1 Four-stroke cycle for an internal combustion engine...

A four-stroke internal combustion engine was built by a German engineer, Nicholas Otto, in 1876. The cycle patterned after his design is called the Otto cycle. It is the most widely used internal combustion heat engine in automobiles. 

Otto cycle—four-stroke engine cycle. See internal combustion engine. 

The most common internal-combustion engine, because of its use in automobiles, is the Otto engine. Its cycle consists of four strokes, and starts with an intake stroke at essentially constant pressure, during which a piston moving outward draws a fuel/air mixture into a cylinder. This is represented by line 0 - 1 in Fig. 8.8. During the second stroke (line 1 - 3), all valves are closed, and the fuel/air mixture is compressed, approximately adiabatically, along line 1 2. The mixture... 

The four stages of operation of an internal combustion engine. This is the type of engine used in practically all automobiles and is described technically as a four-stroke Otto cycle engine, (a) The intake valve opens to let in a gaso-... 

The most efficient cycle of operation for a reversible heat engine. It consists of four operations, as in the four-stroke internal combustion engine, namely isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression to the initial state. 

Most internal-combustion engines operate on a four-stroke cycle (see Figure 12-13). 

The internal combustion engine, as it is found in most automobiles, operates in four cycles or strokes. They are illustrated in the figure. The power stroke is of... 

The four-stroke cycle spark ignition (SI) internal combustion engine (ICE) was initially proposed by Beau de Rockas in 1862 and first built by N. A. Otto in 1876. This engine has become the major piston engine in use today. The PV cycle of the engine is shown in Fig. 4.3 where the four strokes are indicated. 

The Otto cycle is essentially the cycle describing the internal-combustion automobile engine. This is a four-stroke cycle, in contrast to the simpler two-stroke Carnot cycle and the various others, such as the Stirling and Brayton cycles, that operate on a single oscillation of the piston. The Otto cycle consists of an intake expansion, a compression, an expansion resulting from ignition... 

Gautam, A., Agarwal, A.K., 2013. Experimental investigations of comparative performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a cottonseed biodiesel-fueled four-stroke locomotive diesel engine. International Journal of Engine Research 14 (4), 354—372. 

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