Propeller, internal-combustion engines

As the twentieth centui y began, two new prime movers were greatly extending the power of fossil-fueled civilization. Internal-combustion engines (Otto and Diesel varieties), developed and perfected by a number of French and German engineers between 1860 and 1900, opened the possibilities of unprecedented personal mobility, first when installed in cars, trucks, and buses, and later when used to propel the first airplanes. The steam turbine, invented by Charles Parsons, patented in 1884 and then rapidly... 

A rubber-tired, self-propelled transit vehicle using an internal combustion engine for power. Most use direct-ignition (diesel) engines, but gaso-... 

Figure 1.4 Analysing the primary sources of energy required to propel vehicles using internal combustion engines or electricity. Reproduced from Keoleian [1 0] with permission.

A specific role is assigned to fuels to propel our cars, trucks, airplanes, and other vehicles. They are generally referred to as transportation fuels. The impact of the internal-combustion engine on our lives is fundamental. It allowed mankind to achieve mobility via easy means of transportation of persons and goods alike. In less than a century this revolution has transformed and eased our lives but at the same time raised new challenges. 

In this paper, an overview of the important phenomena is given. The supercritical combustion process employed is also known to occur in liquid propellant rocket motors (e.g. in LOX/GH2-motors), liquid propellant guns (LPG), advanced aviation gas turbines and, to a lesser extent, in internal combustion engines. Supercritical combustion is characterized by (1) injection of at least one liquid state fuel component into a chamber which is thermodynamically in the supercritical state, (2) density ratios of fuel to oxidizer near one, (3) supercritical phase transitions of fluid-particles due to combustion, (4) non-ideal properties of the fluids. Additionally a short description of pertinent design criteria is given. 

With the emergence of automobiles propelled by internal combustion engines, the CO emitted from the exhaust pipe has become the major source for human exposure. Serious problems exist with occupational exposure to increased ambient CO for firefighters, traffic police, toll booth attendants, coal miners, coke oven and smelter workers, and transportation mechanics. 

Battery acid Battery fluid, acid, 8 Battery fluid, alkali, 8 Battery-powered equipment, 9 Battery-powered vehicle, 9 Battery, wet, filled with acid or alkali with automobile (or named self-propelled vehicle or mechanical equipment containing internal combustion engine) Battery, wet, with wheelchair Cells containing sodium, 4.3 Corrosive battery fluid Electric storage batteries Electrolyte (acid) for batteries Electrolyte (acid or alkali) for batteries Electrolyte (alkali) for batteries Heat producing article, battery operated equipment, 9 Lithium batteries, 9 Lithium batteries contained in equipment, 9 Lithium batteries packed with equipment, 9 M86 fuel, 3.2... 

At the end of the twentieth century, consumption of petroleum fuels increased significantly on a worldwide basis and the first symptoms of a petrol crisis appeared. Automobile manufacturers decided to reduce petrol consumption by combining an electrical engine with an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle. Thus, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was devised. Depending on the involvement of the electric motor (battery) in the propulsion of the vehicle, several types of HEVs have been developed. 

The internal-combustion engine is a mechanical device that converts chemical energy (gasoline) to heat energy and then to mechanical energy (turning the propeller). Automobiles, tractors, lawn mowers, motorcycles, and boats also use internal-combustion engines. 

Solid-fueled and liquid-fueled rockets were developed because of the characteristics of travel beyond the Earth s atmosphere. First, a spacecraft must develop a speed of more than 25,000 mile per hour to break the gravitational puU. Second, in space oxygen is absent, so turbojet engines and internal-combustion engines will not operate. Therefore, alternative types of propulsion needed to be developed, which is why solid-fueled and liquid-fueled rockets were developed. Rockets develop thrust without having oxygen available to burn. Engineers term the types of chemical mixtures used in rockets that produce thrust as propellants. 

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