Combustion engines Compressibility

The piston of an internal combustion engine compresses 450 mL of gas. The final pressure is 15 times greater than the initial pressure. What is the final volume of the gas, assuming constant temperature ... 

There are several important Hquid fuels, ranging from volatile fuels for internal combustion engines to heavy hydrocarbon fractions, sold commercially as fuel oils. The technology for the combustion of Hquid fuels for spark-ignition and compression-ignition internal combustion engines is not described here. 

A simple example of fault tree analysis applied to an internal combustion engine (Figure 3.4.4-2) is the Figure 3.4.4-3 fault tree diagram of how the undesired event "Low Cylinder Compression" may occur. The Boolean equation of this fault tree is in the caption of Figure 3.4.4-3. Let the occurrence of these events be represented by a 7, non-occurrence by 0, and consider that there may he a long history of occurrences with this engine. Several sets of occunrence.s (trials) are... 

Almost all the major car, bus, and truck manufacturers have developed compressed natural gas engines and vehicles. These manufacturers have been able to offer better performance (due to higher octane) and far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In 1998, Honda introduced the cleanest internal combustion engine vehicle ever commercially produced the natural gas Civic GX with emissions at one-tenth the state of California s Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standard. Primarily due to the high octane of natural gas, Honda achieved these results without sacrificing performance. 

Power systems that run on compressed gases such as propane, methane, or hydrogen are problematical. Range may be limited since distribution systems are not in place and each station pump could cost 30,000. So-called synthetic fuels could be used directly in engines or to generate electricity from fuel cells for electric motors. Other combustion engines such as the sterling motor may also become options. 

Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, clean-burning fuel. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid, and it also has properties that make it suitable as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. 

The Miller cycle uses variable valve timing for compression-ratio control to improve the performance of internal combustion engines. 

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