Combustion in engines

Nitration results from fuel combustion in engines. The products formed are highly acidic and they may leave deposits in combustion areas. Nitration will accelerate oil oxidation. Infrared analysis is used to detect and measure nitration products. 

Oxidative catalytic converters are used to reduce CO and HCs originating from imperfect combustion in engines. At certain temperatures, these converters may also oxidize NO to NO2. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) particle filters (PFs) employ NO2 to oxidize trapped soot at lower temperatures. However, the excess NO2 may escape from the system as tailpipe emissions. NO2 is very toxic to humans, and it also has impacts on atmospheric ozone-forming chemistry. Alvaraz et al. have stated that the primary NO2 emissions of modern diesel cars are increasing [76]. 

Step 4. The cool syngas passes through a filter and the particulate in the syngas is removed as a dry, irmocuous waste. The clean syngas is then available for combustion in engines, trrrbines, or standard natural gas burners with minor modifications. 

Shock-Tube Investigation of Detonative Combustion , Uni v of Michigan Press, Oxford (1955) 1 3)The Gombustion Institute, "Combustion in Engines and Combustion Kinetics , Reinhold, NY(1955) 14)D. Spalding, "Seme Fundamentals of Combustion , Academic Press NY(1955) 15)B.P. Mullins, "Combustion Researches and Reviews , Interscience, NY... 

D. Bradley, J. Hynes, M. Lawes and C.G.W. Sheppard, Limitations to Turbulence-Enhanced Burning Rates in Lean Burn Engines, International Conference on Combustion in Engines, Inst. Mech. Eng. (1988) 17. 

This working principle is the one in the lambda probes used to control combustion in engines. If the two electrodes are under different oxygen partial pressures, then an electromotive force is produced following the Nemst law (Equation [16.4]). In practical devices, one of the electrodes is in permanent contact with a reference atmosphere (see Fig. 16.2). 

Refineries seek to optimize their gasoline output and strive to create blends that minimize damaging spontaneous combustion in engines (known as knocking). Lead was used until the 1970 s, but its use has been prohibited in most industrialized nations because of its harmful effects. In its stead, chemists have developed a variety of alternative additives. 

NO2 and VOCs are regulated as precursors to ozone. In the oil and gas industry, VOCs are either hydrocarbon fugitive emissions or products of fossil fuel combustion. Other emissions are usually the result of fossil fuel combustion in engines, turbines, and process heaters. 

The major source of NO production from combustion of coal and heavy oil is fuel-bound nitrogen (Figure 6.18.10, Table 6.18.5), and can contribute to 50% of the total NO emissions for heavy oil and to 90% for coal. For natural gas (and also for diesel oil and gasoline combustion in engines) the majority is thermal NO, and the contribution of fuel NO is negligible. 

Active intelligent systems are currently used in diverse applications, such as monitoring and adjustment of combustion in engines, measuring blood pressure, eliminating vibration in cameras and adjusting the angle of attack of helicopter rotor... 

Fig. 7.4 An intelligent active system to monitor and adjust combustion in engines. A sensor (electrochemical cell) monitors the partial pressure of oxygen, its output voltage depends on the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in air (po2 (ref)) to partial pressure of oxygen in the combustion gas (po2(exhaust An increase of po2(exhaust at incomplete combustion is indicated by the sensor with increased voltage V. In response, the control component sends a voltage signal to the actuator. Thanks to the reverse piezoelectric effect (see Pig. 5.6b) the actuator expands and sets ajar the valves supplying fuel to the engine...

Contino, F., Jeanmart, H., Lucchini, T., D Errico, G. Coupling of in situ adaptive tabulation and dynamic adaptive chemistry an effective method for solving combustion in engine simulations. Proc. Combust. Inst. 33, 3057—3064 (2011)... 

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