Hybridized hydrogen internal combustion engine

ISE Corporation (2004). ISE Delivers First Hybrid Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Bus to SunLine Transit. ISE EV Bulletin, 4 (5). Available at http //www.isecorp.com. 

The ISE/New Flyer Hybrid Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine introduced in 2004 by SunLine combined the ISE ThunderVolt integrated electric propulsion system using Altairnano nLTO LIBs with a hydrogen-fueled ICE. 

HHICE Hybrid hydrogen internal combustion engine... 

Hickson, A., Phillips A. and Morales G. (2007). Public perception related to a hydrogen hybrid internal combustion engine transit bus demonstration and hydrogen fuel. Energy Policy, 35 (4), 2249-2255. 

Still, the efficiency of hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles is about twice that of current internal combustion engines on the highway, and about three times as high in urban traffic (and between 1-1.5 times more than hybrid electric vehicles (IEA, 2005)). A clear advantage of fuel cells is that at part loads, fuel-cell drives have a higher... 

For road transport, fuel cells are the most efficient conversion devices for using hydrogen. For the average drive cycle, which is dominated by a power demand that is only a fraction of the maximum available power, hybrid fuel cell systems offer a clear advantage over internal combustion engines, hybridized or not, when energy use, CO2 emissions and non-greenhouse pollutants are considered. 

While hybrid and clean diesel vehicles may cost more than current internal combustion engine vehicles, their greater fuel efficiency means that, unlike hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, they may make up that extra upfront cost over the lifetime of the vehicle. This means that hybrids and diesels may have roughly the same annual operating costs as current internal combustion engine vehicles. 

The prognosis, then, for road transportation is for a varied mix of propulsion systems and fuels as conventional petroleum becomes less plentiful and prices rise. Internal combustion engines operating with synthetic liquid fuels (hydrocarbons, alcohols and bio-diesel) are expected to appear in increasing numbers, often supported by hybrid electric drives to reduce fuel consumption. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles may become popular when more durable and affordable batteries become available. This would allow the power source to be part liquid fuel and part mains electricity. Some of the major obstacles to be overcome with hydrogen-fuelled vehicles are ... 

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