Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

Reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICEs), 73 854, 855-856 Reciprocating jet gas-liquid contactor, 75 709-710... 

The operation of the reciprocating internal combustion engines represents a compromise between the Otto and the Diesel cycles, and can be described as a dual combustion cycle. Heat transfer to the system may be considered to occur first at constant volume and then at constant pressure. Such a cycle is called a dual cycle. 

R.J. Tabaczynski, Turbulent Flows in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, in Internal Combustion Engineering Science and Technology, ed John H. Weaving (Elsevier Applied Science, Amsterdam, 1990) p. 243,... 

W.J.D. Annand, Heat Transfer in the Cylinder of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 177 (1963) 973. 

ISO3046/IV Reciprocating internal combustion engines Performance. Part 1 Specifications for standard reference conditions and declarations of power, fuel consumption and lubricating oil consumption. Part 2 Test methods Part 3 Specification of test measurements. Part 4 Speed governing. Part 5 Torsional vibrations. Part 6 Specifications for overspeed protection. Part 7 Specifications for codes for engine power. 

Uses Antiknock additive in unleaded gasoline smoke abatement additive in fuels for conventional reciprocating internal combustion engines and gas turbine engines... 

The second area of application is as a potential material for inclusion in reciprocating internal combustion engines, principally diesel engines. The goals here are to insulate components such as pistons, valves, intake manifolds and exhaust ports, and to protect the moving parts from wear and corrosion. 

Possibly the most widely used linkage requiring kinematic analysis is the basic crank mechanism of the reciprocating internal combustion engine shown diagrammatically in Fig. 2.11, where ... 

NPVs were calculated for 15 years for two types of plant Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and reciprocating internal combustion engine (IC) and for three types of fuel natural gas, bio-mass and bio-ethanol. The NPVs during the period of financial analysis are shown in Fig. 5.114. 

Reciproca.ting Piston Meters. In positive-displacement meters of the reciprocating piston type, one or more pistons similar to those in an internal-combustion engine are used to convey the fluid. Capacity per cycle can be adjusted by changing the piston stroke. 

Carbon monoxide emissions from internal combustion engines are commonly plotted as functions of air/fuel ratio or fuel/air ratio. Fuel/air ratio is merely the reciprocal of air/fuel ratio.34 It has generally been accepted by the automotive experts that the CO level of Diesel exhaust is related chiefly to these ratios and not to other factors, such as rpm. 

Bio-oils have so far mainly been in the focus as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. The fuel obtained from fast pyrolysis, however, displays properties which do not lend themselves easily to this application. Intermittent combustion under high pressure in an reciprocating machine appears more demanding than continuous combustion under lower pressure in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine. This is the working assumption for the studies repotted below. 

To date the majority of on-road traffic is performed by vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines that use fuels derived from fossil fuels. The vehicles range from passenger cars to heavy duty trucks, and the engines used are either spark ignited or compression ignited reciprocating internal combustion devices. 

Machines that cause one impulse per revolution are punch presses, shears, one-cylinder pumps or compressors, and one-cyhnder engines. Machines that cause a few impulses per revolution are duplex and triplex pumps or compressors, two-, three-, and four-cylinder internal combustion engines, and other reciprocating or cam-actuated machines. The effects of large cyclic loads often can be reduced by putting a fluid couphng or some other type of cushioning device in the drive. 

Large internal combustion engines are often started with air. This air is provided by a compressor—typically a conventionally lubricated reciprocating machine—and then piped to an air distributor on the engine. Explosions can be caused if combustible lubricant is present in the air. Therefore, noncombustible lubricants should be used. 

The screw expanders are widely used for waste heat recovery and geothermal applications. Reciprocating piston expanders have been used for the waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine exhaust. Screw and reciprocating piston expanders can be used... 

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