Engines, internal combustion including

ENGINES, internal combustion including when fitted in machinery or vehicles... 

Examples included in this class Asbestos Carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice) Consumer commodity Chemical and First aid kits Environmentally hazardous substance Life-saving appliances Engines, internal combustion Vehicles (flammable gas powered). Vehicles (flammable liquid powered) Polymeric beads Battery-powered equipment or vehicles Zinc dithionite Genetically modified organisms and micro-organisms which are not infectious substances but which are capable of altering animals, plants, or microbiological substances in a way which is not normally the result of natural reproduction. lATA 3.9.14... 

Automobile Automobile, motorcycle, tractor, or other self-propelled vehicle, engine, or other mechanical apparatus Engines, internal combustion (flammable gas powered) including where fitted in machinery or vehicles, 9 Engines, internal combustion... 

Just as an internal combustion engine requires fuel to do work, animals need fuel to power their body processes. Animals Cake in complex molecules as food and break them down to release the energy they contain. This process is called catabolism. Animals use the energy of catabolism to do work and to assemble complex molecules of their own from simple building blocks, a process called anabolism. The sum of anabolism and catabolism is metabolism, a broad term that includes all chemical reactions in the body. 

At the end of the nineteenth century, virtually all of the gasoline produced (around 6 million barrels) was used as a solvent by industry, including chemical and metallurgical plants and dry cleaning establishments, and as kerosene for domestic stoves and space heaters. But by 1919, when the United States produced S7.5 million barrels of gasoline, S5 percent was consumed by the internal combustion engine (in automobiles, trucks, tractors, and motorboats). 

The conventional fuels used for transit applications include gasoline, diesel fuel, and electricity. Alternatives to these fuels have been sought to reduce energy consumption, pollutant emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, and use of imported fuels. The conventional fuels for internal-combustion engines are the most energy-dense fuels petroleum and diesel fuel. 

In the following pages I have endeavoured to deduce the principles of Thermodynamics in the simplest possible manner from the two fundamental laws, and to illustrate their applicability by means of a selection of examples. In making the latter, I have had in view more especially the requirements of students of Physical Chemistry, t6 whom the work is addressed. For this reason chemical problems receive the main consideration, and other branches are either treated briefly, or (as in the case of the technical application to steam and internal combustion engines, the theories of radiation, elasticity, etc.) are not included at all. 

The largest releases of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are due to the incomplete combustion of organic compounds during the course of industrial processes and other human activities. Important sources include the combustion of coal, crude oil, and natural gas for both industrial and domestic purposes, the use of such materials in industrial processes (e.g., the smelting of iron ore), the operation of the internal combustion engine, and the combustion of refuse (see Environmental Health Criteria 202, 1998). The release of crude oil into the sea by the offshore oil industry and the wreckage of oil tankers are important sources of PAH in certain areas. Forest hres, which may or may not be the consequence of human activity, are a signihcant... 

Following the assumption that the world needed to keep the internal combustion engine essentially unchanged for the foreseeable future, the replacements for tetraethyl lead were assessed. At the time several possible options were considered including ... 

Most opinion polls show that the motorist s infatuation with automobiles does not include internal-combustion engines. Many drivers would trade in their current car for an electric vehicle, if it could perform as well and not cost any more. One poll of California new car buyers conducted by the University of California at Davis in 1995 found that almost half would buy an electric vehicle over a gasoline car, but they wanted a 300-mile range and a more reasonable price. 

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