Combustion, in spark-ignited engines

Daneshyar, H. D. and Hill, F. G., The structure of small-scale turbulence and its effect on combustion in spark ignition engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 13,47-73,1987. 

Richard, S., Colin, O., Vermorel, O., Benkenida, A., Angelberger, C., and Veynante, D., Towards large eddy simulation of combustion in spark ignition engines. Proc. Comb. Inst., 2007. 31,3059-3066. 

Spicher, U., A. Kolmel, H. Kubach, and G. Topfer, Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines with Direct Injection. SAE, 2000-01-0649,2000. 

Verhelst, S., Sierens, R. (2003). Simulation of hydrogen combustion in spark-ignition engines. In "La planete hydrogene", Proc. M World Hydrogen Conf., Montreal 2002, CDROM published by CogniScience Publ., Montreal. 

Figure 11.52. Lambda probe usedfor controlling combustion in spark ignition engines probe assembled on the exhaust pipe and section view of the membrane...

Boudier, R, S. Henriot, T. Roinsot, T. Baritaud, A model for turbulent flame ignition and propagation in spark ignition engines. Proc. Combust. Inst., 1992. 24 503-510. 

Knock in spark ignition engines may be defined as an abnormally rapid combustion of the unburned fuel-air mixture ahead of the normal flame front. A severe pressure unbalance due to this rapid combustion process sets up shock waves which impinge on the cylinder walls and piston and produce the characteristic metallic knocking noise (43). 

This chapter is concerned mainly with experimental observations and measurements, one purpose of which is to show how the mechanistic structures for hydrocarbon oxidation (Chapter 1) lead to the observed combustion characteristics, and to describe more recent chemical evidence from combustion studies in support of those interpretations (Section 6.5). It also paves the way to the discussion of spontaneous ignition, or autoignition, in spark-ignition engines, in Chapter 7. 

D. Bradley, G.T. Kalghatgi, C. Morley, P. Snowdon and J. Yeo, CARS Temperature Measurements and the Cyclic Dispersion of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines, 25th Symp. (Int.) Comb. (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1995) p. 125. 

O.K.L. Lee and N.S. Lightfoot, Investigation of Flame Propagation Leading to the Knock Phenomenon in Spark Ignition Engine, Combustion Research Conference, 18/19 March 1986 (Publications Office, Harwell Laboratory, 1986) p. 134. 

D. Bradley, S. Merdjani, C.G.W. Sheppard and J. Yeo, A Computational Model of Autoignition in Spark Ignition Engines, Joint Meeting of the Portuguese (British, Spanish and Swedish Sections of the Combustion Institute, Madeira, 1996) p. 17.3.1. 

Kalghatgi, G.T. 1996. Combustion Chamber Deposits and Knock in Spark Ignition Engines—Some Additive and Fuel Effects. SAE Paper No. 962009. 

Various t)q5es of modern power plants can operate on natural gas highly diluted with nitrogen, up to methane content below 50% in electrochemical generators (fuel cells), 40% in spark ignition engines, 30% in conventional gas turbines, 5% in diesel engines, and 1% in gas turbines with catalytic combustion [300]. 

In induced ignition engines, still called explosion or spark , several types of combustion are possible. 

Unlike carbon dioxide and water that are the inevitable by products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons, species such as carbon monoxide, ethene, toluene, and formaldehyde can be emitted because combustion has been interrupted before completion. Many factors lead to emissions from incomplete combustion. Emitted unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are regulated pollutants that must be eliminated. In automobiles with spark ignited engines, these emissions are almost entirely removed by the catalytic converter. 

Because many practical flames are turbulent (spark ignited engine flames, nil field flares), an understanding of the interaction between the complex fluid dynamics of turbulence and the combustion processes is necessary to develop predictive computer models. Once these predictive models are developed, they arc repeatedly compared with measurements of species, temperatures, and flow in actual flames for iterative refinement. If the model is deficient, it is changed and again compared with experiment. The process is repeated until a satisfactory predictive model is obtained. 

In fact, the clearly posed problem of the final state of an unstable laminar flame is a limiting case of turbulent flame for vanishing initial turbulence of the oncoming flow, but the general case, for any initial velocity fluctuations, is clearly of great interest in practical devices such as spark-ignited engines, turbojet, or gas turbine combustion chambers. 

Aleifres, P.G., Y. Hardalupas, A.M.K.P. Taylor, K. Ishii, and Y. Urata, Flame chemiluminescence studies of cyclic combustion variations and air-to-fuel ratio of the reacting mixture in a lean-bum stratified-charge spark-ignition engine. Combustion and Flame, 136 72-90, 2004. 

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