Chlorinated hydrocarbons analysis

Durham RW, Oliver BG. 1983. History of Lake Ontario (Canada, USA) contamination from the Niagara river by sediment radiodating and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis. Journal of Great Lakes Research 9(2) 160-168. 

FURR, A.K., LAWRENCE, A.W., TONG, S.S.C., GRANDOLFO, M.C., HOFSTADER, A.A., BACHE, C.A. GUTENMANN, W.H. and LISK, D.J. (1976) Multielement and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis of municipal sewage sludges of American cities. Environ Sci Tech 10, 683-687. 

Furr AK, Lawrence AW, Tong SCS, et al. 1976. Multielement and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis of municipal sewage sludges of American cities. Environ Sci Tech 10(7) 683-687. 

These institutes also take part in the specimen characterization by analyzing heavy metals, metalloids, and essential elements in environmental samples at the Research Centre Julich, whereas the corresponding activities at Munster comprise both the inorganic and also the organic (primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons) analysis. 

Pesticides. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (qv) are often found in feed or water consumed by cows (19,20) subsequently, they may appear in the milk, where they are not permitted. Tests for pesticides are seldom carried out in the dairy plant, but are most often done in regulatory or private specialized laboratories. Examining milk for insecticide residues involves extraction of fat, because the insecticide is contained in the fat, partitioning with acetonitrile, cleanup (FlorisH [26686-77-1] column) and concentration, saponification if necessary, and determination by means of paper, thin-layer, microcoulometric gas, or electron capture gas chromatography (see Trace and residue analysis). 

The most widely used method of analysis for methyl chloride is gas chromatography. A capillary column medium that does a very good job in separating most chlorinated hydrocarbons is methyl siUcone or methyl (5% phenyl) siUcone. The detector of choice is a flame ionisation detector. Typical molar response factors for the chlorinated methanes are methyl chloride, 2.05 methylene chloride, 2.2 chloroform, 2.8 carbon tetrachloride, 3.1, where methane is defined as having a molar response factor of 2.00. Most two-carbon chlorinated hydrocarbons have a molar response factor of about 1.0 on the same basis. 

The methods, which allow in one procedure of analysis to overcome, for example, most pesticides which are used in agricultural practice in the present time, get development and introduction in practice. The contribution of the Ukrainian scientists in field of chromatographic analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB s) and supertoxicants, such as PCDDs, is estimated. 

Kawahara FK, Lichtenberg JJ, Eichelberger JW. 1967. Thin-layer and gas chromatographic analysis of parathion and methyl parathion in the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons. J Water Pollut Control Fed 39 446-457. 

Hunkeler D, R Aravena, K Berry-Spark, E Cox (2005) Assessment of degradation pathways in an aquifer with mixed chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination using stable isotope analysis. Environ Sci Technol 39 5975-5981. 

The methods of analysis for the chlorinated hydrocarbons may be divided into five classes—determination of total organic chlorine, determination of hydrolyzable or labile chlorine, colorimetric methods, physical methods, and bioassays. The last mentioned is beyond the scope of this manuscript and is not considered. 

The total-chlorine method has been used extensively in the determination of spray residues of the chlorinated hydrocarbons 56). Usually the kind of insecticide applied has been known, and by means of the proper factor the chlorine values could be calculated to the insecticide originally used. This calculation is not entirely valid, as the determinations do not differentiate between the insecticide and its degradation products or other contaminants containing organic chlorine. The values obtained by the total-chlorine method are useful, however, because they indicate the magnitude of the residue and the analysis can be made in a short time with standard laboratory equipment. 

Methods utilizing characteristic physical properties have been developed for several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Daasch (18) has used infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of benzene hexachloride. By this means it is possible to determine the gamma-isomer content, as well as that of the other isomers of technical benzene hexachloride, provided the product is substantially free of the higher chlorinated cyclohexanes. 

Kastner J., Tacke M., Katzir A., Edl-Mizaikoff B., Gobel R. and Kellner R., Optimizing the modulation for evanescent-wave analysis with laser diodes (EWALD) for monitoring chlorinated hydrocarbons in wat, Sensors Actuators B 1997 38 163-170. 

Oliver, B. G., Niimi, A. J. (1988) Trophodynamic analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 388-397. 

This technique has been applied to the concentration of organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticide [7,8] and various ethers, glycols amines, nitriles, hydrocarbons, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Although this work was concerned with drinking water, it is a useful technique which may have application in seawater analysis. Cellulose acetate [9], ethyl cellulose acetate [6], and crosslinked polyethyleneinine [8] have been used as semi-permeable membranes. 

Picer and Picer [357] evaluated the application ofXAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax macroreticular resins for concentrations of chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater prior to analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The solvents that were used eluted not only the chlorinated hydrocarbons of interest but also other electron capture sensitive materials, so that eluates had to be purified. The eluates from the Tenax column were combined and the non-polar phase was separated from the polar phase in a glass separating funnel. Then the polar phase was extracted twice with n-pentane. The -pentane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated to 1 ml and cleaned on an alumina column using a modification of the method described by Holden and Marsden. The eluates were placed on a silica gel column for the separation of PCBs from DDT, its metabolites, and dieldrin using a procedure described by Snyder and Reinert [359] and Picer and Abel [360]. 

The need for special facilities for work involving neutron activation analysis and radiochemical measurements has been referred to above in Section 4.3.6. Other safety factors may also influence your choice of method. For example, you may wish to avoid the use of methods which require toxic solvents, such as benzene and certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, or toxic reagents, such as potassium cyanide, if alternative procedures are available. Where Statutory Methods have to be used, there may be no alternative. In such cases, it is essential that staff are fully aware of the hazards involved and are properly supervised. Whatever method is used, the appropriate safety assessment must be carried out before the work is started. Procedures should be in place to ensure that the required safety protocols are followed and that everyone is aware of legislative requirements. 

The waste contained about 3.5% dissolved solids, 1.7% chlorides, 0.4% sodium hydroxide, and tens to hundreds of ppm of chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlordane its pH was generally greater than 13 (Brower et al., 1989). At the time of drilling, analysis of formation samples indicated that the injection zone was composed of nearly pure dolomite [CaMg(CC>3)2]. The carbonate formation was thought to be safe for accepting an alkaline waste water because carbonates are considered stable at high pH. 

Bush B., J.T. Snow, and S. Connor. 1983. High resolution gas chromatographic analysis of nonpolar chlorinated hydrocarbons in human milk. Jour. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 66 248-255. 

MacLeod, W.D., Jr. L.S. Ramos, A.J. Friedman, D.G. Burrows, P.G. Prohaska, D.L. Fisher, and D.W. Brown. 1981. Analysis of Residual Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Related Compounds in Selected Sources, Sinks, and Biota of the New York Bight. U.S. NOAA, Tech. Memor. OMPA-6.128 pp. 

Although GC-C-IRMS systems that can measure the chlorine isotopic composition of individual chlorinated hydrocarbons are currently unavailable, it is clear that chlorine isotope analysis is also a useful technique to consider for study [614,677,678]. Measurement of chlorine stable isotope ratios in natural samples such as rocks and waters has become routine [626,679,680], but few measurements of chlorine isotopes in chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons have been reported [614]. A chlorine isotope effect was found in ferf-butyl chloride [681], demonstrating that 37Cl is more strongly bound to carbon than is 35Cl. Significant differences in the <5i7Cl values of some atmospheric chlorinated... 

A variety of miscellaneous elements can also occur in a residual fuel oil fraction. For example, chlorine is present as a chlorinated hydrocarbon and can be determined (ASTM D808, D1317, D6160). A rapid test method suitable for analysis of samples by nontechnical personnel is also available (ASTM D5384) and uses a commercial test kit where the oil sample is reacted with metallic sodium to convert organic halogens to halide, which is titrated with mercuric nitrate using diphenyl carbazone indicator. Iodides and bromides are reported as chloride. 

Analysis of PDP data from 1994 to 1999 showed that 73% of approximately 27,000 food samples that had no market claim (conventional or organic) showed detectable residues, while 23% of 127 fresh food samples designated as organic had detectable residue levels (Baker et al., 2002). Unavoidable contamination of some of the organic samples was due to the presence of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, which had been banned several years earlier, but 13% of the organic samples showed residues of pesticides other than the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. 

Barber LB, Thurman EM, Takahashi Y, et al. 1992. Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ground Water 30 836-842. 

Blood samples for analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons were obtained by glass and stainless steel syringes and transferred to prewashed centrifugal tubes. The samples were frozen immediately and stored at -25 °C until analyzed. 

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