Volatile chlorinated

Toxicity. 1,1-Dichloroethane, like all volatile chlorinated solvents, has an anesthetic effect and depresses the central nervous system at high vapor concentrations. The 1991 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a time-weighted average (TWA) solvent vapor concentration of 200 ppm and a permissible short term exposure level (STEL) of 250 ppm for worker exposure. The oral LD q of... 

Perchloroethylene is a clear, dense, non-flammable volatile chlorinated solvent. It is widely used for dry cleaning small quantities are used in adhesives and cleaning agents. It is miscible with organic solvents but only slightly soluble in water. Relevant physical properties are given in Table 5.50. 

The reaction of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons with hydroxyl radicals is temperature dependent and thus varies with the seasons, although such variation in the atmospheric concentration of trichloroethylene may be minimal because of its brief residence time (EPA 1985c). The degradation products of this reaction include phosgene, dichloroacetyl chloride, and formyl chloride (Atkinson 1985 Gay et al. 1976 Kirchner et al. 1990). Reaction of trichloroethylene with ozone in the atmosphere is too slow to be an effective agent in trichloroethylene removal (Atkinson and Carter 1984). 

Data gathered from several sites near Niigata, Japan, between April 1989 and March 1992 showed elevated levels of trichloroethylene and other volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the winter (Kawata and Fujieda 1993). A rural site in this study had armual mean concentrations between 0.17 and 0.32 ppb, while four industrial sites had mean concentrations between 0.029 and 4.8 ppb. The average trichloroethylene level detected in samples collected from ambient air in the Norwegian Arctic between 1982 and 1983 was 0.007 ppb (Hov et al. 1984). Average concentrations of trichloroethylene in Alaskan Arctic haze between 1980 and 1982 were 0.036 ppb in winter and 0.007 ppb in summer (Khalil and Rasmussen 1983). 

Gimmi T, Fluehler H, Studer B, et al. 1993. Transport of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in unsaturated aggregated media. Water Air Soil Pollut 68 291-305. 

Kawata K, Fujieda Y. 1993. [Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in ambient air at Niigata area.] Eisei Kagaku 39 474-479. (Japanese)... 

Milde G, Norger M, Mergler R. 1988. Biological degradation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater. Water Science Technology 20 67-74. 

Saisho K, Hasegawa Y, Saeki M, et al. 1994. Bioaccumulation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in blue... 

Smith LR, Dragun J. 1984. Degradation of volatile chlorinated aliphatic priority pollutants in groundwater. Environ Int 10 291-298. 

Although these issues have already been briefly noted, they deserve a few additional comments. For freely water-soluble substrates that have low volatility, there are few difficulties in carrying out the appropriate experiments described above. There is, however, increasing interest in xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and highly chlorinated compounds including, for example, PCBs, which have only low water solubility. In addition, attention has been focused on volatile chlorinated aliphatic compounds such as the chloroethenes, dichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride. All of these substrates present experimental difficulties of greater or lesser severity. 

Haberl [8] volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB and pesticides detected limits for each volatile compounds ... 

The van t Hoff equation also has been used to describe the temperature effect on Henry s law constant over a narrow range for volatile chlorinated organic chemicals (Ashworth et al. 1988) and chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (ten Hulscher et al. 1992, Alaee et al. 1996). Henry s law constant can be expressed as the ratio of vapor pressure to solubility, i.e., pic or plx for dilute solutions. Note that since H is expressed using a volumetric concentration, it is also affected by the effect of temperature on liquid density whereas kH using mole fraction is unaffected by liquid density (Tucker and Christian 1979), thus... 

Methods for Reducing Toxic Effects. There are no compound-specific methods for reducing the toxic effects of hexachloroethane. The mitigation procedures suggested (Bronstein and Currance 1988 Stutz and Ulin 1992) are applicable to exposure to volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons as a class and are not specific for hexachloroethane. 

Morrow, M. T. and VanDerpool, G., 1988, The Use of a High Efficiency Blower to Remove Volatile Chlorinated Organic Contaminants from the Vadose Zone — A Case Study In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association Second Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Groundwater Monitoring and Geophysical Methods, Vol. Ill, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1111-1135. 

Holt et al. [683] and Jendrzejewski et al. [684] have described methods for simultaneous determination of isotopic distributions for carbon and chlorine to better than 0.1 %o in volatile chlorinated solvents. 

Hatch GG, Mamay PD, Ayer ML, et al. 1983. Chemical enhancement of viral transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells by gaseous and volatile chlorinated methanes and ethanes. Cancer Res 43 1945-1950. 

Hexachlorobenzene, shown in Figure 8.3, reacts further to chlorophenols and PCDD/F, which stay adsorbed on the copper species but can be further extracted in the turbular furnace reactor. All low volatile chlorinated compounds shown in Figure 8.3 are eluted with the gas flow. The lower... 

A Individuals residing near hazardous waste site Hazardous waste site Volatile chlorinated solvents Ground water used for drinking, bathing, cooking Ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact... 

Bureau Intemational Technique des Solvants Chlores. 1976. Standardizations of methods for the determination of traces of some volatile chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in air and water by gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 82 1-17. 

Chai M, Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J, et al. 1993. Determination of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in air and water with solid-phase microextraction. Analyst (Cambridge, U. K.) 118(12) 1501-1505. 

Loch, J.P.G., Kool, H.J., Lagas, P., and Verheul, J.H.A.M. Removal and retention of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the soils unsaturated zone, in Contaminated Soil, Assink J.W. and van der Brink, W.J., Eds. (Dordrecht, the Netherlands Matinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986), pp. 63-77. 

Smith, L.R. and Dragun, J. Degradation of volatile chlorinated aliphatic priority pollntants in gronndwater. Environ. Lnt, 19(4) 291-298, 1984. 

Uses/Sources. Intermediate in organic synthesis, especially production of toluene diisocyanate and polymethylene poly-phenylisocyanate in metallurgy to separate ores by chlorination of the oxides and volatilization occurs as a product of combustion whenever a volatile chlorine compound comes in contact with a flame or very hot metal originally manufactured as an agent for chemical warfare during World War I... 

Barber LB, Thurman EM, Takahashi Y, et al. 1992. Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ground Water 30 836-842. 

Aquaplant is not suitable for the remediation of aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, dioxins, and furans. 

The method for HCCP has been used routinely by industry over the past year to determine employee exposures to the compound in air (16). The method has been reported to be reliable. Its application has also facilitated planning for engineering controls. Plans are underway to employ the method developed for HCCP in personal monitoring and perimeter sampling during the cleanup of waste disposal sites (17, 18). In this endeavor, the method will also be employed to determine other volatile chlorinated compounds that are likely to be present including tetra-chloroethylene, trichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachloro-ethane, and HCBD. 

Boos, R., Prey, T. Begert, A. (1985) Determination of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons by reaction gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr, 328, 233-239 (in German)... 

Vandenbergh, P. A. Kunka, B. S. (1988). Metabolism of volatile chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas fluorescent. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 54,2578-9. 

Keymeulen et al. [49] determined various volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in plant leaves by GC-MS. The method consists of solvent extraction with pentane followed by GC-MS. 

The variability of environmental data must also be regarded as being dependent on space and/or time. As an example, the temporal variability is demonstrated for the occurrence of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in river water (Fig. 1 -5). The very different pattern for the time functions of the selected volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons at two sampling locations 40 km apart shows that the concentration fluctuations are quite random. 

Fig. 1 -5. Seasonal fluctuations of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the river Wei Be Elster (Germany) a) sampling location above Greiz, b) sampling location below Gera. O tetrachloromethane, bromdichloromethane, O trichloroethene, A tetrachloroethene...

Highly selective to chlorinated compounds Electrolytic conductivity detector Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (EPA 8021) Sulfur and nitrogen compounds may interfere with target analytes. 

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