Pesticide chlorinated hydrocarbon

Pesticides. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (qv) are often found in feed or water consumed by cows (19,20) subsequently, they may appear in the milk, where they are not permitted. Tests for pesticides are seldom carried out in the dairy plant, but are most often done in regulatory or private specialized laboratories. Examining milk for insecticide residues involves extraction of fat, because the insecticide is contained in the fat, partitioning with acetonitrile, cleanup (FlorisH [26686-77-1] column) and concentration, saponification if necessary, and determination by means of paper, thin-layer, microcoulometric gas, or electron capture gas chromatography (see Trace and residue analysis). 

The FDA has pubhshed methods for the deterrnination of residual solvents in spice extracts such as oleoresins and has limited the concentrations of those specific solvents that are permitted. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzene have been almost completely removed from use as extracting solvents in the United States their use continues overseas where toxicity regulations are less stringent. The presence of pesticides or herbicides in spices is rigidly controHed by the FDA. 

The performance of SCWO for waste treatment has been demonstrated (15,16). In these studies, a broad number of refractory materials such as chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides were studied as a function of process parameters (17). The success of these early studies led to pilot studies which showed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane /7/-T5-6y,(9-chlorotoluene [95-49-8] and hexachlorocyclohexane, could be destroyed to greater than 99.99997, 99.998, and 99.9993%, respectively. In addition, no traces of organic material could be detected in the gaseous phase, which consisted of carbon dioxide and unreacted oxygen. The pilot unit had a capacity of 3 L/min of Hquid effluent and was operated for a maximum of 24 h. 

Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Combined Systems. The vast majority of in situ bioremediations ate conducted under aerobic conditions because most organics can be degraded aerobically and more rapidly than under anaerobic conditions. Some synthetic chemicals are highly resistant to aerobic biodegradation, such as highly oxidized, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Examples of such compounds are tetrachloroethylene, TCE, benzo(a)pyrene [50-32-8] PCBs, and pesticides. 

The methods, which allow in one procedure of analysis to overcome, for example, most pesticides which are used in agricultural practice in the present time, get development and introduction in practice. The contribution of the Ukrainian scientists in field of chromatographic analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB s) and supertoxicants, such as PCDDs, is estimated. 

Maddy KT, Fong HR, Lowe JA, et al. 1982. A study of well water in selected California communities for residues of 1,3-dichloropropene, chloroallyl alcohol and 49 organophosphate or chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29 354-359. 

The relative immobility of the chlorodioxins is expected, based on the very low solubility of these compounds in water (0.6 / g/liter). In contrast, the herbicide, 2,4,5-T, is relatively mobile in sandy soils, but movement decreases as soil organic matter increases. What does this information tell us, and how does it compare with other organic compounds A mobility scale has been devised for a large number of pesticides (3). Higher mobility numbers reflect increased compound mobility in soils. The dioxins would be in Class 1—i.e., they are immobile in soils and would compare with several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. 

Paraquat Pesticides (includes acaricides, avicides, bactericides, insecticides, molluskicides, nematocides, piscicides, rodenticides) L S Chlorinated hydrocarbons (q.v.) Carbamates (q.v.) Organophosphorus compounds (q.v.) Herbicide... 

Toxic compounds polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, chlorinated pesticides, dioxins, veterinary drug residues, hormone residues, aflatoxins, toxic compounds in shellfish. Compoimds of nutritional significance in foods vitamins, fat, lipids, carbohydrates, protein, energy-calorific value, proximates, dietary fibre, ash. Other compounds hormones in blood serum... 

Today, marketing a new insecticide can take a decade, but Geigy did it in three years. In 1942, Geigy sold almost a pound per capita of DDT-laced insecticide in Switzerland and saved the country s wartime potato crop from a heavy infestation of Colorado beetles. With the discoveries of organophosphate in Germany and chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT in Switzerland, the era of synthetic chemical pesticides had begun. 

Most of the common 15 hazardous pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons. Adsorption can be an important process for most. All except DDT, endosulfan, and heptachlor resist hydrolysis, and most are also resistant to biodegradation. Kearney and Kaufman118 review conditions under which chlorinated pesticides are biodegraded. 

Chlorinated compounds PCP, PCBs, PCDD/Fs Manufacture of pesticide and herbicide (D) Wood preservation sites (P) Pulp and paper production (P) Municipal waste incineration (P,D) Plastics, fire-retardants manufacture (P,D) Chlorinated phenols -3.6 Chlorinated hydrocarbons - 2.4 [43, 44]... 

Haberl [8] volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB and pesticides detected limits for each volatile compounds ... 

Walsh J.E., MacCraith B.D., Meany M., Vos J.G., Regan F., Lancia A., Artjushenko S., Sensing of chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides in water using polymer coated mid-infrared optical fibres, Analyst, 1996 121 789-792. 

Picer and Picer [357] investigated the recovery from fO litre samples of seawater of 0.1-1.0 xg/l chlorinated pesticides (DDT, DDE, TDE, and Dieldrin), and 1-2 xg/l PCB (Aroclor 1254). The recovery of Mirex during these steps varied between 80% and 90%. Losses of the investigated chlorinated hydrocarbons during these steps were 10-30% for about 10 ng pesticides. 

Hargrave, B.T., W.P. Vass, P.E. Erickson, and B.R. Fowler. 1989. Distribution of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and PCBs in the Arctic Ocean. Canad. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1644. Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ill pp. 

Chopra NM. 1972. Breakdown of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in tobacco smokes A short review. 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semivolatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [53-56],... 

Estimated half-lives for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides vary widely [16, 22] Aldrin, 1-9 Dieldrin, 3-7 Chlordane, 1-8 Heptachlor, 1-4 and DDT, 3-10 years. Half-lives for PCBs range from one year to 16 years [23]. Other types of pesticides, e.g. organophosphates, triazines, carbamates and ureas, are generally less persistent [16, 24],... 

Woo OF. 1990. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in poisoning and drug overdose. Olson K, ed. Norwalk, CT Appleton Lange, 117-118. 

Albertson TE, Joy RM, Stark LG. 1985. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and aniygdaloid kindling. Neurobehay Toxicol Teratol 7(3) 233-237. 

Kupfer D. 1982. Studies on short and long-range estrogenic action of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. In Hunt VR, Smith MK, Worth D, eds. Environmental factors in human growth and development. Banbury Report No. 1 1, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 379-393. 

Morgan DP, Roan CC. 1974. Liver function in workers having high tissue stores of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Arch Environ Health 29 14-17. 

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