Organic chloride

Hydrogen Chloride-Organic Compound Systems. The solubihty of hydrogen chloride in many solvents follows Henry s law. Notable exceptions are HCl in polyhydroxy compounds such as ethylene glycol (see Glycols), which have characteristics similar to those of water. Solubility data of hydrogen chloride in various organic solvents are Hsted in Table 10. 

Phosphorus sulfides Phosphorus chlorides Organic P compounds... 

Chromyl chloride Organic solvents Dioxygen difluoride Various materials Fluorine nitrate Organic materials... 

See Propionoyl chloride Diisopropyl ether See Sulfonyl chloride Organic materials, metals... 

Hydrogen chloride absorption, 12 746 Hydrogen chloride hydrates, 13 813 Hydrogen chloride-organic compound systems, 13 818... 

Some nitric acid is used for the manufacture of explosives and chemicals, but much is converted on-site to the potentially explosive high nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate (Section 2.11). Ammonia gas from the Haber plant is absorbed in aqueous HN03, and the NH4N03 solution is evaporated to a liquid melt (< 8% H20) for crystallization, but care must be taken to keep the pH of the solution above about 4.5 and to exclude any material (chlorides, organic compounds, metals) that might catalyze the explosive decomposition of NH4N03. It is also wise to keep the melt mass low and to vent it to avoid pressure buildup. The solid product should be stored well away from the main plant. 

Naphthalene, nickel powders, nickel ores, niobium oxide Ores, organic chlorides, organic silicates, oil shale, oyster shells... 

Aqueous samples are extracted with methylene chloride. If the sample is not clean or if the presence of organic interference is suspected, a solvent wash should be performed. For this, the pH of the sample is adjusted to 12 or greater with NaOH solution. The sample solution made basic is then shaken with methylene chloride. Organic contaminants of basic nature and most neutral substances partition into the methylene chloride phase, leaving phenols and other acidic compounds in the aqueous phase. The solvent layer is discarded. The pH of the aqueous phase is now adjusted to 2 or below with H2S04, after which the acidic solution is repeatedly extracted with methylene chloride. Phenols and other organic compounds of acidic nature partition into the methylene chloride phase. The methylene chloride extract is then concentrated and exchanged into 2-propanol for GC analysis. For clean samples, abasic solvent wash is not necessary however, the sample should be acidified before extraction. It may be noted that basic solvent wash may cause reduced recovery of phenol and 2,4-dimethylphenol. 

Polyvinyl chloride. Organic peroxides are used to catalyze the free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer in water. The organic peroxide is selected to generate free radicals thermally at the temperature of polymerization. 

Sodium chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium sulphate, Calcium sulphate, Mono- and Di-basic potassium phosphate, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium sulphate, Lithium chloride Organic osmotic agents... 

Organozinc addition reactions to unsaturated systems lead to an intermediate zinc compound which is in most cases further hydrolyzed to give the corresponding protonated organic compound. This intermediate can also be trapped by reaction with electrophiles (see Electrophile) (E+) such as aldehydes, acyl chlorides, organic halides, silyl halides, and so on. Depending on the nature of the electrophile (see... 

VDAC plays a role in the regulated flux of metabolites—usually anionic species such as phosphate, chloride, organic anions, and the adenine nucleotides—across the outer membrane. VDAC appears to form an open p -barrel structure similar to that of the bacterial porins (Section 12.5.2). although mitochondrial porins and bacterial porins may have evolved independently. Some cytoplasmic kinases bind to VDAC, thereby obtaining preferential access to the exported ATP. In contrast, the inner membrane is intrinsically impermeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules. A large family of transporters shuttles metabolites such as ATP, pyruvate, and citrate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The two faces of this membrane will be referred to as the matrix side and the cytosolic side (the latter because it is freely accessible to most small molecules in the cytosol). They are also called the N and P sides, respectively, because the membrane potential is negative on the matrix side and positive on the cytosolic side. 

Detection of chloride-organic chloride association and the potential role of the complexes in the Sn2 reaction. Tetrahedron Lett. 1973, 385-388. 

See Halogens, or Interhalogens, above Chromy 1 chloride Organic solvents Fluorine nitrate Organic materials Hydrogen peroxide Diethyl ether lodine(Vll) oxide Diethyl ether Lithium perchlorate Diethyl ether Nitric acid Diethyl ether Nitrosyl perchlorate Organic materials Nitryl perchlorate Organic solvents Ozone Diethyl ether... 

---