Childhood

Quite naturally, I attended many opera performances and rehearsals with neighbors and friends from early childhood on. 1 still remember a rehearsal conducted by a gentle, smallish man who became, however, a holy terror with the orchestra and the singers alike once he raised his baton. He was Arturo Toscanini. 

Several synthetic pyrimidines and purines are useful drugs Acyclovir was the first effective antiviral compound and is used to treat herpes infections 6 Mercaptopunne is one of the drugs used to treat childhood leukemia which has become a very treatable form of cancer with a cure rate approaching 80%... 

Celiac Disease. A disturbance of the lower gastroiatestiaal tract, celiac disease is a chronic disease characterized by loss of appetite and weight, depression and irritabiUty, and diarrhea frequendy followed by constipation (35). One of the more disturbiag features of ceHac disease is the large, frothy, foul-smelling stools. The disease may develop ia childhood or later ia life. Frequendy, the patients who develop the disease ia adulthood report having had some of the symptoms duting childhood. 

Asthma affects 3—5% of the population and is one of the most common chronic illnesses (7—9). Both the frequency and severity of asthma appear to be increasing (10—13). Acute, severe asthma has the potential to be fatal. The disease may first appear ia childhood and iadividuals so affected can suffer recurrent episodes throughout their Hves or they may "outgrow" the condition at puberty. On the other hand, there is also adult-onset asthma. These people show no symptoms as children or as young adults, but suddenly develop symptoms later ia life. There have been many reports of bronchial infections preceding the appearance of asthma. However it is not known whether these infections contributed to the development of the disease or whether iadividuals who are already predisposed to asthma ate more likely to experience bronchospasms as a result of a bronchial infection (14). 

Table 1. Recommended U.S. Childhood Immunization Schedule, January 1995 ...

The worldwide market is approximately 3.0 bHHon in sales, with the pediatric portion accounting for about 35%. Basic, required childhood vaccines (DTP, poHo, measles /MMR, BCG, and TT) account for 3640 x 10 doses of this global market. In the United States doses distributed in the pediatric sector have risen from around 45 x 10 in 1982, covering basic, childhood vaccines, to around 75 x 10 in 1993 due primarily to the addition of vaccines for Haemophilus disease, hepatitis B, and a second dose of MMR to the recommended childhood series (144). The majority of vaccines for the U.S. market are... 

Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammoniumbenzoate (denatonium benzoate [3734-33-6] Bitrex) is an extremely bitter tasting, nonirritating, and nonmutagenic compound that has been widely used in many household products such as detergents, nail poHsh removers, and cleaning agents, to prevent childhood poisoning. It is also used as an alcohol denaturant. 

Cytarabine, 4-amino-l-/3-D-arabinofuranosylpyrimidin-2(lif)-one or cytosine arabino-side (1033 R = H, X = NH2), is an established drug for the treatment of acute leukaemias of childhood and adult granulocytic leukaemia. It must be given intravenously and much of the drug becomes the corresponding inactive uracil derivative in vivo by virtue of a deaminase in the liver it interferes with DNA but not RNA synthesis, and it has incidental... 

Two Bell Labs employees, Russell Ohl and George Southworth, were trying in the late 1930s to detect ultrahigh-frequency radio waves with vacuum tubes, and like Skinner on the other side of the Atlantic, had no success. So, Southworth, a radio ham since childhood, remembered his early silicon-and-cat s-whisker deviees and managed to retrieve some old ones from a seeondhand radio store. Just as they did... 

Vitamin D is a family of closely related molecules that prevent rickets, a childhood disease characterized by inadequate intestinal absorption and kidney reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. These inadequacies eventually lead to the demineralization of bones. The symptoms of rickets include bowlegs,... 

One of the triumphs of the science of nutrition is the careful investigation that linked childhood rickets with vitamin D deficiency. This work, which led to methods for treating the disease, is too familiar to need repetition. A direct consequence of these efforts was the elucidation of the pivotal role played by vitamin D in calcium metabolism, as well as the structural studies that revealed that this compound (102) is in fact a steroid derivative. The past... 

An economic externality exists whenever the wellbeing of some individual is affected by the economic activities of others without particular attention to the welfare of that individual. For example, smog-related illnesses such as bronchitis and exacerbated cases of childhood asthma have been blamed, to some extent, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides from automobiles and large fossil-fuel-burning power plants. These illnesses have high treatment costs that are not... 

The greater part of Parsons childhood was spent at the family s castle and estate at Parsonstown (now Birr), County Offaly, Ireland. The workshops there were extensive, and he grew up surrounded by tools and machinei y. He was privately educated by, among others, Sir Robert Ball, a man who encouraged him to spend time not just in the classroom, hut also in the workshops. With these facilities and the guidance of his parents aird tutor, he developed an exceptional talent for engineering. 

Alexander W. Williamson (1824-1904) was born in London, England, and received his Ph.D. at the University of Giessen in 1846. His ability to work in the laboratory was hampered by a childhood injury that caused the ioss of an arm. From 1849 until 1887, he was professor of chemistry at University College, London. 

But hey, they re Jell-O shots. Two American cultural icons in one neat kickback. Childhood to adulthood in under a second. Dessert noir. 

Absence Epilepsies are a group of epileptic syndromes typically starting in childhood or adolescence and characterized by a sudden lack of attention and mild automatic movements for some seconds to minutes. Absence epilepsies are generalized, i.e. the whole neocortex shifts into a state of sleep-like oscillations. 

Lipshultz SE (2006) Exposure to anthracyclines during childhood causes cardiac injury. Semin Oncol 33(3 Suppl 8) S8-S14... 

There are few definitive data to substantiate the efficacy of LTRA therapy in refractory asthma, except for patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma. This is a fairly uncommon form of asthma that occurs generally in adults who often have no prior (i.e., childhood) history of asthma or atopy, may have nasal polyposis, and who often are dependent upon oral corticosteroids for control of their asthma. This syndrome is not specific to aspirin but is provoked by any inhibitors of the cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) pathway. These patients have been shown to have a genetic defect that causes... 

Reynolds CP, Lemon RS (2001) Retinoid therapy for childhood cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 15(5) 867-910... 

Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by the varicella (chickenpox) virus. It is highly contagious. The virus causes chickenpox in the child and is easily spread via the respiratory system. Recovery from childhood chickenpox results in the infection lying dormant in the nerve cells. The virus may become reactivated later in life as the older adult s immune system... 

This section of the chapter discusses FSH, LH, GH, and ACTH. FSH and LH are called gonadotropins because they influence the gonads (the organs of reproduction). GH, also called somatotropin, contributes to the growth of the body during childhood, especially the growth of muscles and bones. ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the corticosteroids. The anterior pituitary hormone, TSH, is discussed in Chapter 51. Prolactin, which is also secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the production of breast milk in the postpartum patient Additional functions of prolactin are not well understood. Prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone that is not used medically. 

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). An all-IPV schedule is recommended for routine childhood polio vaccination in the United States. All children should... 

FIGURE54-2. Recommended childhood immunization schedule, United Sates, 2002. 

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