Childhood lead exposure

Studies in rats have shown effects of lead on bone mineralization and bone growth. The effects observed in rats may be relevant to our understanding of the mechanisms for the growth deficits that have been associated with low-level in utero and childhood lead exposures. Additional studies of the effects of lead on bone metabolism in humans and in animal models would improve our understanding of the toxicological significance of lead in bone. 

Laughlin NK University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl Examine auditory system function and attention in the rhesus monkey as a model of childhood lead exposure National Center For Research Resources... 

Lead-containing ceramic ware used in food preparation has also been associated with childhood lead exposure in children of Hispanic ethnicity in San Diego County, California. One study (Gersberg et al. 1997) used the IEUBK to determine that dietary lead exposure from beans prepared in Mexican ceramic bean pots may account for a major fraction of blood lead burden in children whose families use such ceramic ware. 

Bomschein RL, Succop PA, Krafft KM, et al. 1986. Exterior surface dust lead, interior house dust lead and childhood lead exposure in an urban environment. In Hemphil DD, ed. Trace substances in environmental health. Vol. 20. Columbia, MO University of Missouri 322-332. 

Mielke HW, Adams JL, Reagan PL, et al. 1989. Soil-dust lead and childhood lead exposure as a function of city size and community traffic flow The case for lead abatement in Minnesota. Environ Chem Health 9(Supp) 253-271. 

Winneke G, Beginn U, Ewert T, et al. 1985a. Comparing the effects of perinatal and later childhood lead exposure on neurophysiological outcome. Environ Res 38 155-167. 

Mielke, H.W., Dugas, D., Mielke Jr., P.W., Smith, K.S., Smith, S.L., Gonzales, C.R., 1997. Associations between soil lead and children s blood lead in urban New Orleans and rural Lafourche Parish of Louisiana. Environ. Health Perspectiv., 105, 950-954. Yiin, L.M., Rhoads, G.G., Lioy, P.J. 2000. Seasonal influences on childhood lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 177-182. 

Yiin, L.M., Rhoads, G.G., Lioy, P.J. 2000. Seasonal influences on childhood lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 177-182. 

The terms acute and chronic are also used to characterize the time delay between exposure and the onset of symptoms. Acute effects are those noticed directly following exposure and are usually easily related to the agent. The chronic or long-term effects of an agent may occur years later and are often very difficult to attribute to a particular cause. The acute effects of alcohol consumption or exposure to the solvent in glue are obvious in the drunkenness produced. The effects of chronic exposure to these compounds, as seen by an alcoholic, are very different specifically, cirrhosis of the liver. The chronic effect of childhood lead exposure... 

The causes may include household dust, droppings from dust mites, and mold. Asthma-related illness resulted in over 100,000 children visiting a hospital and losing over 10 million school days. A very different kind of long-term disability results from childhood lead exposure. The US Centers of Disease Control estimated that over one million US children have elevated blood lead levels due to household exposures. 

R. L. Canfield et al., Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 pg per deciliter . New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (2003), 1517-26 B. P. Lanphear et al., Primary prevention of childhood lead exposure a randomized trial of dust control , Pediatric, 103 (1999), 772-7. 

Many poisons can disturb mental and rational function leading to behavioral abnormalities. Psychototoxins include phencyclidine, LSD, and fungal toxins. Less commonly, stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine can cause psychiatric problems. Psychiatric effects of high doses of corticosteroids have also been described. In addition to the developmental retardation, some investigators believe that cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, and perhaps even antisocial behavior may be caused by childhood lead exposure. Public discussion of these subtle toxic effects is highly politicized because childhood exposure to lead still occurs as a risk factor in slums and tenements. 

Recent evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of children followed from birth to adolescence suggest that childhood lead exposure (and by implication, fetal lead exposure) may have a significant and persistent impact on the ongoing reorganization of brain connections involved in language function.21... 

Two meta-analyses of epidemiological studies on the effects of early childhood lead exposure on IQ appeared in 1994 (Pocock et al., 1994 Schwartz, 1994). Both analyses indicated that blood lead concentrations in young children, which peaks... 

Sayre JW, Charney E, Vostal J, Piers JB (1974) House and hand dust as a potential source of childhood lead exposure. Am J Dis Child 127 167-170 Smith CM, DeLuca HF, Tanaka Y, Mahaffey KR (1981) Effect of lead ingestion on functions of vitamin D and its metabolites. J Nutr 111 1321-1329 Stephens MCC, Gerber GB (1981) Development of glycolipids and gangliosides in lead treated neonatal rats. Toxicol Lett 7 373-378 Stuik EJ (1974) Biological response of male and female volunteers to inorganic lead. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 33 83-97... 

Hertzman, C., Ward, H., Ames, N., Kelly, S., Yates, C., 1991. Childhood lead exposure in Trail revisited. Can. J. Public Health 82, 385—391. 

Homung, R.W., Lanphear, B.P., Dietrich, K.N., 2009. Age of greatest susceptibility to childhood lead exposure A new statistical approach. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 1309—1312. 

TABLE 10.21 U.S. CDC Childhood Lead Exposure Screening Data, ... 

Stangle, D.E., Strawdennan, M.S., Smith, D., Kuypers, M., Strupp, B.J., 2004. Reductions in blood lead overestimate reductions in toain lead after repeated Succimer regimens in a rodent model of childhood lead exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 302-308. 

Yuan, W., Holland, S.K., Cecil, K.M., Dietrich, K.N., Wessel, S.D., Altaye, M., et al., 2006. The impact of early childhood lead exposure on brain reorganization a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language function. Pediatrics 118, 971-977. 

Graziano, J., Slavkovich, V., Liu, X., Factor-Litvak, P., Todd, A., 2004. A prospective study of prenatal and childhood lead exposure and erythropoietin production. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46, 924-929. 

Estimations of exposure frequencies above some health risk threshold in terms of PbB can be done using empirical data or through lead exposure modeling approaches, such as the U.S. EPA lEUBK model for childhood lead exposure simulations. Both approaches have their advantages and limitations, and a comparative look at the topic was provided by Mushak (1998). 

Yiin, Lih-Ming, George C. Rhoads, and Paul J. Lioy. 2000. Seasonal Influences on Childhood Lead Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 177-182. 

Winneke, E., Beginn, U., Ewers, T., Havestadt, C., Kraemer, U., Krause, C., Thron, H.L. and Wagner, H.M. (1985) Comparing the effects of perinatal and later childhood lead exposure on neuropsychological outcome. Environ. Res., 38, 155-167 World Health Organization (1977) Environmental Health Criteria, 3 (Geneva, Switzerland)... 

Winneke, G., Kraemer, U., Brockhaus, A., Ewers, U., Kujanek, G., Lechner, H. and Janke, W. (1983) Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations. II. Extended study. Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Health, 51, 231-252 Winneke, G., Beginn, U., Ewert, T., Havestadt, C., Kraemer, U., Krause, C., Thon, H.L. and Wagner, H.M. (1985) Comparing the effects of perinatal and later childhood lead exposure on neuropsychological outcome. Env. Res., 38, 155-167 Yule, W., Lansdown, R., Millar, I. and Urbanowicz, M.A. (1981). The relationship between blood lead concentrations, intelligence and attainment in a school population a pilot study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol, 23, 567-576... 

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