Cardiovascular risk markers

HERMANSEN K, SONDERGAARD M, HOIE L, CARSTENSEN M and BROCK B (2001) Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 24 (2) 228-33. 

DAVIDSON M H, MAKI K C, MARX P, MAKI A C, CYROWSKI M S, NANAVATI N, ARCE J C (2000) Effects of continuous estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement regimens on cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women . Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 3315-25. 

Ariyo AA, Villablanca AC. Estrogens and lipids. Can HRT designer estrogens, and phytoestrogens reduce cardiovascular risk markers after menopause Postgrad Med 2002 lll(l) 23-30. 

Stevenson JC, Oladipo A, Manassiev N, Whitehead MI, Guilford S, Proudler AJ. Randomized trial of effect of transdermal continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk markers. Br J Haematol 2004 124 802-8. 

Gomez-Ambrosi, J., Salvador, J., Silva, C., Pastor, C., Rotellar, F., Gil, M. J., Cienfuegos, J. A., and Fruhbeck, G. 2006. Increased cardiovascular risk markers in obesity are associated with body adiposity role of leptin. Thromb. Haemost. 95 991-996. 

Dyerberg J, Eskesen DC, Andersen PW, Astrup A, Buermann B, Christensen JH, Clausen P, Rasmussen BF, Schmidt EB, Thol-strup T, et al. Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healfliy males an 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur. J. CUn. Nutr. 2004 58 1062-1070. 

Plasma Levels of OxPL as Cardiovascular Risk Markers... 

Source Berry, D. J., Analysing the association of vitamin D status on selected cardiovascular risk markers using seasonal and genetic variations. PhD thesis. University College London, 2012. 

Harris, W. S. Lemke, S. L. Hansen, S. N. Goldstein, D. A. DiRienzo, M. A. Su H etal. stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index, an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. Lipids 2008, 43, 805-811. 

In a prospective study, fasting serum and anthropometric measures were obtained from 45 patients with first-episode psychosis and 41 healthy adults of similar age, ethnicity, and sex [32 f. At baseline, the distributions of cardiovascular risk markers were similar and the percentages of young patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls who were overweight/obese, dyslipidemic, hyperglycemic, and hyperinsulinemic did not differ. At 24 weeks, compared with baseline, 16 of the patients with psychosis who continued to take the same antipsychotic medication had statistically significant increases in BMl, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, leptin, and E-selectin, and a reduction in adiponectin. 

Feringa, H.H., Laskey, D.A., Dickson, J.E., and Coleman, C.I. 2011. The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Cardiovascular Risk Markers A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Diet Assoc. 777 1173-1181. 

Plat, J (2001) Plant Stanol Esters Ejfects on Cardiovascular Risk Markers and Cholesterol Metabolism, Datawyse, Maastricht. 

Andersson et al. (2002) have shown in a randomized clinical trial that raloxifene does not affect insulin sensitivity or glycemic control in postmenopausal women with type-2 diabetes mellitus. It has favorable or neutral effects on selected surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk while decreasing hyperan-drogenicity in these patients. 

Lower incidence of heart disease has also been reported in populations consuming large amounts of soy products. Lowering of cholesterol is probably the best-documented cardioprotective effect of soy. ° Soy protein incorporated into a low-fat diet can reduce cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and the soy isoflavones are likely to contribute to these effects. Soy isoflavones have been reported to improve cardiovascular risk factors in peripubertal rhesus monkeys, and inflammatory markers in atherosclerotic, ovariecto-mized monkeys. The potential role of phytoestrogens, including isoflavonoids, as cardioprotective agents has been extensively reviewed." ... 

Wilkenson, P., Leach, C., Ah-Sing, E.E., Hussain, N., Miller, G.J., Millward, D.J., and Griffin, B.A. 2005. Influence of a-linolenic acid and fish-oil on markers of cardiovascular risk in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Atheroslerosis 181, 115-124. 

Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ. The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease Risk marker or pathogen. Int. J Cardiology. 2006, 106 291-297. 

Body iron level and iron depletion play an important role in the gender differences seen in death from cardiac disease. There is a better correlation with heart disease mortality in iron levels compared with levels of cholesterol (5). It was found that risk of coronary heart disease (6) and carotid atherosclerosis (7) is associated with increased iron stores. However, impaired endothelium-derived nitric oxide activity may be without overt atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors and may be associated with the presence of atherosclerosis (4). Thus, endothelial dysfunction related to iron activity not only may be an early marker for cardiovascular risk but also may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (2) by the stimulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and membrane lipid peroxidation (I) and may be a key to the understanding of early mechanism in the development of atheroma (7,8). Nakayama et al. (9) showed the role of heme oxygenase induction in the modulation of macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. However, Howes et al. (10) concludes that at the moment, the available evidence on iron hypothesis remains circumstantial. Moreover, Kiechl et al. (7) showed that the adverse effect of iron is hypercholesterolemia, In patients... 

I CAM-1, VCAM-1, and endothelin-1 concentrations were significantly greater in men with ED and no cardiovascular disease symptoms compared to men without ED (24). Asymmetric demethyl arginine (ADMA) is an endogenous competitive nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor and is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular disease impairing the L-arginine-NO pathway. Recent studies have found elevated levels of ADMA in men with ED and CAD (25 — 27). 

ED is common in patients with cardiovascular disease and should be routinely enquired about. The cardiac risk of sexual activity in patients with cardiovascular disease is minimal in properly assessed patients. The restoration of a sexual relationship is a possibility for the majority of patients with cardiovascular disease and ED using oral PDE5 inhibitors, which have an excellent safety profile (avoiding nitrate use). ED is a marker for cardiovascular disease as well as its consequence therefore, its identification (in the asymptomatic male) provides the opportunity to address other cardiovascular risk factors and detect silent but significant vascular pathology. 

The isolated presence of minor T-wave abnormalities has been considered a potential risk marker for future cardiovascular events. This includes, among others, the following ... 

D. A. Morrow and P. M. Ridker High sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) a novel risk marker in cardiovascular disease. Preventive Cardiology 1, 13 (1999). 

Hyperuricemia has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients but remains controversial because of inconsistent data. Uric acid has no physiologic function and is considered a biologic waste product. Therefore, there is no rational explanation describing why uric acid would cause cardiovascular harm. However, elevated uric acid may be viewed as a supplemental risk marker in hypertensive patients. 

Although hypertension is one of the most common medical conditions, BP control rates are poor. Many hypertensive patients are at goal DBP values but continue to have elevated SBP values. It has been estimated that of the hypertensive population that is treated yet not controhed, 76.9% have an SBP greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg with DBP values less than 90 mm Hg. For most hypertensive patients, attaining the SBP goal almost always ensures achievement of the DBP goal. When coupled with the fact that SBP is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than DBP, SBP must be used as the primary chnical marker of disease control in hypertension. 

Markers of systemic inflammation (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) have been proposed to be nontradi-tional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, which raises the possibility of the use of MMP-9 levels as a marker for future MI or UA. In vitro and animal studies suggest that thiazolidinediones can reduce the expression of these markers. Rosiglitazone reduces serum levels of MMP-9 and the proinflammatory marker CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes, which indicates potentially beneficial effects on overall cardiovascular risk. The management of UA and NSTEMI is covered in detail in Chap. 16. 

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