Markers inflammatory

The wide range of inflammation-related factors that adipocytes secrete is linked to the inflammatory response that the tissue exhibits in obesity [1]. Obesity in general, like an increasing number of other diseases, is characterised by a state of mild chronic inflammation, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this. The production of most inflammation-related adipokines increases markedly in obesity and there is an elevated circulating level of a number of these factors as well as of other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The increased production of inflammatory adipokines (and decreased production of adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory action) in the obese is considered to play a critical role in the development of the obesity-associated pathologies, particularly type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. 

Insulin resistance occurs when the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. Resistance of liver to the effects of insulin results in inadequate suppression of hepatic glucose production insulin resistance of skeletal muscle reduces the amount of glucose taken out of the circulation into skeletal muscle for storage and insulin resistance of adipose tissue results in impaired suppression of lipolysis and increased levels of free fatty acids. Therefore, insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including elevated blood glucose levels, abnormal blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia), hypertension, and increased expression of inflammatory markers (inflammation). Insulin resistance and this cluster of metabolic abnormalities is strongly associated with obesity, predominantly abdominal (visceral) obesity, and physical inactivity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as some forms of cancer. In addition to obesity, other situations in which insulin resistance occurs includes... 

Non-specific inflammatory markers for infection include 2,3,6,12 WBC, ESR, and CRP may be elevated or within normal limits. 

C-reactive protein A nonspecific inflammatory marker that may be elevated in osteomyelitis as well as other infections and inflammatory diseases represents a specific protein produced by the liver during times of inflammation. 

Koh KK, Han SH, Quon MJ. Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome insights from therapeutic interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 46(11) 1978-1985. 

Dasch, B, Fuhs, A, Behrens, T, Meister, A, Wellmann, J, Fobker, M, Pauleikhoff, D, and Hense, HW, 2005. Inflammatory markers in age-related maculopathy—Cross-sectional analysis from the Muenster Aging and Retina Study. Arch Ophthalmol 123, 1501-1506. 

Herzog, A, U Siler, V Spitzer et al. 2005. Lycopene reduced gene expression of steroid targets and inflammatory markers in normal rat prostate. FASEB J 19 272-274. 

Table 9.3. Effects of SERMs on inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women ...

In conclusion, SERMs exhibit changes in inflammatory markers that do not match those found with oral HT. Some variability exists within HT itself, depending on the compound (estrogens or tibolone) and on the administration route (oral vs. transdermal). There is sufficient background to hold the value... 

Rader DJ (2000) Inflammatory markers of coronary risk. N Engl J Med 343 1179... 

Transferrin. Transferrin produces specific biological functions. It behaves as a substantial inflammatory marker, and its concentration rises in... 

Haptoglobin. The speciflc biological function of haptoglobin was observed. As a substantial inflammatory marker, an increase of its concentration is present in inflammatory diseases of CNS. In patients with malignancies of the CNS, a marked increase in the concentration of haptoglobin in serum was also observed (Kl). 

Antithrombin HI in cerebrospinal fluid can be easily denoted as an inflammatory marker. Correlations with levels of immunoglobulins, their intrathecal oligo-clonal synthesis, complement components, and acute-phase reactants confirm such concepts. Correlations with apolipoproteins and with the presence of lipophagic macrophages in cytological preparations confirm the elevation of CSF AT III levels when a destructive lesion of the CNS is present. 

SR005 Vela Navarrete, R., ]. V. Garcia Cardoso, A. Barat, F. Manzarbeitia, and A. Lopez Farre. BPH and inflammation pharmacological effects of Permixon on histological and molecular inflammatory markers. Results of a double blind pilot clinical assay. Eur Urol 2003 44(5) 549-555. 

Estruch, R., Sacanella, E., Badia, E., Antunez, E., Nicolas, J.M., Fernandez-Sola, J., Rotilio, D., De Gaetano, G., Rubin, E., and Urbano-Marquez, A., Different effects of red wine and gin consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis a prospective randomized crossover trial effects of wine on inflammatory markers, Atherosclerosis, 175, 117, 2004. 

Lower incidence of heart disease has also been reported in populations consuming large amounts of soy products. Lowering of cholesterol is probably the best-documented cardioprotective effect of soy. ° Soy protein incorporated into a low-fat diet can reduce cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and the soy isoflavones are likely to contribute to these effects. Soy isoflavones have been reported to improve cardiovascular risk factors in peripubertal rhesus monkeys, and inflammatory markers in atherosclerotic, ovariecto-mized monkeys. The potential role of phytoestrogens, including isoflavonoids, as cardioprotective agents has been extensively reviewed." ... 

Register TC, Cann JA, Kaplan JR et al. Effects of soy isoflavones and conjugated equine oestrogens on inflammatory markers in atherosclerotic, ovariectomized monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 90, 1734-1740, 2005. 

Andersen LP, Hoick S, Janulaityte-Gunther D et al (2005) Gastric inflammatory markers and interleukins in patients with functional dyspepsia, with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 44(2) 233-238... 

Ferrucci, L., Cherubini, A., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Martin, A., Andres-Lacueva, C., Senin, U., and Guralnik, J. M. (2006). Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 439-446. 

Young EM, Considine RV, Sattler FR, Deeg MA, Buchanan TA, Degawa-Yamauchi M, Shankar S, Edmondson-Melancon H, Hernandez J, Dube MP. Changes in thrombolytic and inflammatory markers after initiation of indinavir- or amprenavir-based antiretroviral therapy. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2004 4(2) 179-86. 

Comalada M, Ballester I, Bailon E, Sierra S, Xaus J, Galvez J, Medina FSD, Zarzuelo A. 2006. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids Analysis of the structure-activity relationship. Biochem Pharmacol 72 1010-1021. 

For the present open observation on sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), nonspecific inflammatory markers were chosen, which are supposed to be involved in the allergic cascade and which can be measured by common ELISA techniques soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), sE-selectin, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and specific IgG4. Earlier investigations in this field were mostly performed on a smaller number of patients and the results are sometimes contradicting. 

Maes M, Smith R, Christophe, A, et al. Lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in major depression and in depressed men with serious suicidal attempts Relationship with immune-inflammatory markers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997 95 212-221. 

Inflammation is associated with various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and many others. While several inflammatory markers are commonly expressed during any inflammatory disorder, some are symptom specific. Therefore, the gene array data will be particularly helpful in indicating the appropriate disease model for subsequent preclinical and clinical tests. Only functional, active extracts with potentially safe and novel modes of actions may then be subjected to labor-intensive large-scale extraction, fractionation, characterization, and isolation of novel bioactive components. We believe that the strategy as described schematically in Figure 4.1 will allow efficient use of plant extracts and other natural resources toward identification of novel drug leads for human health care. 

Libby P, Ridker PM. Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk Theory versus practice. Circulation. 1999, 100 1148-1150. 

Dziedzic T. Systemic inflammatory markers and risk of dementia. Am J Alzheimer s Dis Other Demen 2006, 21(4) 258-262. 

Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Chiappelli M, Montesi F, Tumini E et al. Blood inflammatory markers and risk of dementia The Conselice Study of Brain Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28(12) 1810-1820. 

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