Early markers

An elevated serum lactate concentration may be an early marker for tissue hypoperfusion. 

D7. Deitcher, S. R., and Eisenberg, P. R., Elevated concentrations of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma. An early marker of gram-negative bacteremia. Chest 103, 1107-1112... 

Chia KS, Jeyaratnam J, Lee J, et al. 1995b. Lead-induced nephropathy Relationship between various biological exposure indices and early markers of nephrotoxicity. Am J Ind Med 27 883 895. 

Lobos, E., Weiss, N., Karam, M., Taylor, H.R., Ottesen, E.A. and Nutman, T.B. (1991) An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251, 1603-1605. 

Once stem cells are committed to the osteoblast lineage, proliferating osteoprogenitors become preosteoblasts, cell growth declines, and there is a progressive expression of differentiation markers by osteoblasts (Stein et al. 1996). Osteoblastic differentiation is characterized by the sequential expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an early marker of osteoblastic phenotype, followed by the synthesis and deposition of collagen type I, bone matrix proteins, and glycosaminoglycans and an increased expression of os-... 

Assaad, A., Trotz, M., Moore, D., Nold, J, Corcoran, K., Hurt, H., Keeler, J., Phillips, K., and Said, S.I. 1990. Arachidonic acid metabolites as early markers of phosgene-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary edema. World Conference on Lung Health. Boston, MA. May 20-24. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141 A420. 

Orioli, M., Aldini, G., Beretta, G., Mattei Facino, R., and Carini, M. (2005). LC-ESI-MS/MS determination of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal Michael adducts with cysteine and histidine-containing peptides as early markers of oxidative stress inexcitable tissues. ]. Chromatogr. B Arnlyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 827,109-118. 

Ghiselli A, Laurenti O.deMattiaG, Maiani G, Ferro-Luzzi A (1992) Salicylate hydroxylation as an early marker of in vivo oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Free Rad Biol Med 13 621-626... 

Kaufmann, S.H., Desnoyers, S., Ottaviano, Y., Davidson, N.E. and Poirier, G.G. (1991) Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase an early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res., 53, 3976-3985. 

PCI, with larger increases occurring in patients without collateral vessels (4.8% with vs. 14% without) [13]. Although these studies indicate that IMA is an early marker of transient ischemia in the PTCA setting, larger trials are necessary to validate this hypothesis. 

Correa RC, Alfieri A. Plasmatic nitric oxide, but not Willebrand factor, is an early marker of endothelial damage, in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients without microvascular complications. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 2003, 17, 264-268. 

A recent report showed that the expression of IL-17 is closely related to the degree of the acute rejection of a renal allograft (L16). Therefore, IL-17 may be involved in the alloimmune response and serve as an early marker of acute rejection (L16). 

An attempt to use acute-phase proteins as early markers of the differentiation of edematous from necrotizing AP was made by Rau et al. (R8), who assayed CRP concentration and human pancreatic-specific protein (hPASP) successively... 

Body iron level and iron depletion play an important role in the gender differences seen in death from cardiac disease. There is a better correlation with heart disease mortality in iron levels compared with levels of cholesterol (5). It was found that risk of coronary heart disease (6) and carotid atherosclerosis (7) is associated with increased iron stores. However, impaired endothelium-derived nitric oxide activity may be without overt atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors and may be associated with the presence of atherosclerosis (4). Thus, endothelial dysfunction related to iron activity not only may be an early marker for cardiovascular risk but also may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (2) by the stimulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and membrane lipid peroxidation (I) and may be a key to the understanding of early mechanism in the development of atheroma (7,8). Nakayama et al. (9) showed the role of heme oxygenase induction in the modulation of macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. However, Howes et al. (10) concludes that at the moment, the available evidence on iron hypothesis remains circumstantial. Moreover, Kiechl et al. (7) showed that the adverse effect of iron is hypercholesterolemia, In patients... 

Masuo K, Katsuya T, Fu Y, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms relate to insulin resistance and sympathetic overactivity as early markers of metabolic disease in nonobese, normotensive individuals. Am. J. Hypertens.2005 8 1009-1014. 

Abnormalities in lipid lamellar structure or corneodesmolysis are apparent in scaling disorders like X-linked Ichthyosis, atopic dry skin, or in winter xerosis.2,10 Susceptibility to dry skin also shows a tendency to increase with age.3 Exposure to dry environment or extreme shifts in external humidity produces important alterations in underlying skin. Dry environment stimulates epidermal hyperplasia and early markers of inflammation. Shift in external humidity induces a profound defect in... 

Bikunin (Bik), a peptide excreted in the urine, is one of the primary inhibitors of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This peptide plays a key role in inflammation and innate immunity because of its two Kunitz-type binding domains [1, 2], Bik suppresses proteolytic activity in a variety of tissues and can also exert localized anti-inflammatory effect [3-5], Inflammation is an important indicator of infection, cancer, and tissue injury in acute and chronic states. In acute inflammation, fluids and plasma components accumulate in the affected tissues due to vascular dilation. Subsequent activation of platelets and increased presence of immune cells occur during repair. Long-standing inflammation may be present before the disorder is identified. Due to its inhibitory role and potential use as an early marker of inflammation, we will review the synthesis, structure, pathophysiology of Bik as well as the various approaches for its measurement in this chapter. 

Pickering RG, Pickering CE (1984) The effects of reduced dietary intake upon the body and organ weights, and some clinical chemistry and haematologic variates of the young Wistar rat. Toxicol Lett 21 271-277 Price RG (2002) Early markers of nephrotoxicity. Comp Clin Pathol 11 2-7... 

Price RG, Taylor SA, Chivers I et al. (1996) Development and validation of new screening tests for nephrotoxic effects. Hum Exper Toxicol 15 S10-S19 Price RG, Berndt WO, Finn WF et al. (1997) Urinary biomarkers to detect significant effects of environmental and occupational exposure to nephrotoxins, III. Minimal battery of tests to assess subclinical nephrotoxicity for epidemiological studies based on current knowledge 19 535-552 Price RG (2000) Urinalysis to exclude and monitor nephrotoxicity. Clin Chim Acta 297 173-182 Price RG (2002) Early markers of nephrotoxicity. Comp Clin Pathol 11 2-7... 

DNA binding of AP-1 and NFkB is concentration-dependent and corresponds to Draize scores for ocular irritancy. Test chemical exposure time and probelabeling efficiency may introduce variance to results. Despite the variance, detection of altered expression and/or activation of stress-response transcription factors like AP-1 and NFkB can serve as an early marker for subsequent deteriorative outcomes (Ramesh et al. 1999) of ocular toxicity. 

Devanand DP, Liu X, Tabert MH, Pradhaban G, Cuasay K, Bell K, de Leon MJ, Doty RL, Stem Y, Pelton GH (2008b) Combining early markers strongly predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer s disease. Biol Psychiatry 64(10) 871-879... 

During myelin repair, NF 155 is an early marker of myelin damage (Howell et al.,... 

Cavalleri A, Gobba F, Bacchella L, et al. 1991. Evaluation of serum aminoterminal propeptide of type 111 procollagen as an early marker of the active fibrotic process in asbestos-exposed workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 17 139-144. 

HBxAg The significance of the smallest coded region of the HBV genome (17k Da) - as well as of its protein, which comprises 154 amino acids - is still unclear. It is deemed to be an early marker of acute hepatitis B. HBx reinforces the replication of HBV in the liver cell. It has possibly something to do with the development of liver cell carcinoma, especially since it is most prevalent in HBV-related liver cirrhosis and even in liver cell carcinoma. (146, 212)... 

Ellis, K.) (1997). Visceral fat mass in childhood A poioniial early marker for increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am. /. Clin. Nutr. 65,1887-1888. 

The authors proposed that the granular macrophages represented an early marker of amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity. Their unusual color was attributed to the deposition of a combination of phospholipid, lipofuscin, and bile breakdown products. 

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