Tumors carcinomas

Elmore JG, Moceri VM, Carter D, Larson EB. Breast carcinoma tumor characteristics in black and white women. Cancer 1998 83 2509-2515. 

In other study,79 Samuelsson and coworkers (Sweden) investigated the efficacy of either ECT or radiotherapy or a combination of the two in destroying experimental colon carcinoma tumor in rats. The combined treatment resulted in tumor growth inhibition, and, total regression was obtained in 75% of the cases with radiotherapy alone, 75% of the tumors remained. As mentioned above78 with ECT alone, the regression rate was 50%, the same as surgery alone. 

As might be expected from a screen in which the target tumor was a soft tissue sarcoma, those tumors were among the most sensitive to the compound, along with ovarian tumors, mesotheliomas, melanomas, and lung carcinomas. Tumors least sensitive to this compound included pancreatic carcinomas, neuroblastomas, and especially, renal cell carcinomas. As a rule, for the seven classes of compounds identified in the screen, soft tissue sarcomas, ovarian carcinomas, and mesotheliomas were the most sensitive tumor types. 

Fujii R, Mutoh M, Sumizawa T, Chen Z, Yoshimura A, Akiyama S. Adenosine triphosphate-depen-dent transport of leukotriene C4 by membrane vesicles prepared from cisplatin-resistant human epidermoid carcinoma tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 86 1781-1784. 

Bis(l-tetrahydro-fulfuroxyethyl)-deuteroporphynyl(IX)-6,7-bisaspartic acid (THF-ASP, Fig. 11) is a derivative of hematoporphyrin. The manganese(III) complex of THF-ASP (ATN-4 T) has a LD50 of more than 2 g kg-1 in mice [121]. In mice implanted with PC-3 human prostate carcinoma tumors the average increase in tumor-to-muscle ratio was 32% 1 hour after injection. VX-2 squamous cell carcinoma implanted in rabbits also demonstrated increased tumor-to-muscle enhancement after injection of ATN-4 T [122]. No phototoxicity was demonstrated in the rabbits. 

Tumor tissue has also been demonstrated to take up naked pDNA following direct intratumoral injection, but this ability may be dependent on tumor type and the pDNA construct. In an important study by Vile and Hart (1993), mice bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) B16F1 melanoma or Colo 26 colon carcinoma were injected intratumorally with naked P -gal pDNA or P -gal pDNA/calcium phosphate precipitates. The tumors were collected on days 2, 4, 6 and 10 after the pDNA intratumoral injection. A gradual increase in blue-staining cells was found in the transfected melanomas with 10-15% of the cells expressing /3-gal by day ten. In contrast, none of the colon carcinoma tumors was positive for /3-gal. One explanation for the lack of in vivo transfection of the colon carcinoma is that the /3-gal pDNA constmcts contained melanoma-specific promoters (tyrosinase and TRP promoters). This study demonstrated that using an appropriate promoter established tumors could take up and express naked pDNA. 

In a similar study by Yang and Huang (1996), melanoma tumors in mice were in vivo transfected by the direct intratumoral administration of naked pDNA, resulting in reporter gene expression for up to ten days. In another study, Walker 256 carcinoma tumors in rats were found to express CAT after intratumoral injection of naked pDNA encoding CAT (Nomura et al., 1997). More recently electroporation has been used to deliver naked pDNA to tumors (described further in the following section). 

Melphalan is an antineoplastic drug, listed also as a Class I immunosuppressive agent (effective only when given prior to the immune stimulus) [1]. It is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian carcinoma, tumors of the testes, chronic granulocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, seminoma, Ewing s sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and thymoma [1,2]. Its use as an adjuvant to surgery in the management of primary breast cancer was one of the first illustrations of the therapeutic potential of combined modalities of treatment [3]. 

Fig. 3. Tumor Growth Inhibition Tumor volume (mm ) measured over a time period of treatment in Balb/c mice bearing murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma tumors (a =6) after treatment with buffer (closed squares), empty STPP nanocarrier (closed triangles), and ceramide in STPP nanocarrier (closeddiamondd). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 8)...

Mitotane appears to be the drug of choice in inoperable functional and nonfunctional adrenal carcinoma. Tumor regression is seen in approximately 35% to 50% of patients, with most regression occurring between the second and fourth month of therapy. Seventy-five percent of patients will exhibit a 30% fall in urinary steroids, with 50% of patients showing an improved clinical response after 5 months of... 

Cancers are classified by the tissues affected. The vast majority of cancerous tumors are carcinomas (tumors derived from epithelial tissue cells such as skin, various glands, breasts, and most internal organs). In the leukemias, cancers of the bone marrow, excessive leukocytes are produced. Similarly, the lymphocytes produced in the lymph nodes and spleen proliferate uncontrollably in the lymphomas. Tumors arising in connective tissue are called sarcomas. Despite the differences among this diverse class of diseases, they also have several common characteristics, among which are the following ... 

Addison, C.L., D.A. Arenberg, S.B. Morris, Y.Y. Xue, M.D. Burdick, M.S. Mulligan, M.D. Iannettoni, and R.M. Strieter. The CXC chemokine, monokine induced by interferon-gamma, inhibits non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor growth and metastasis. Hum Gene Ther 11 247-61, 2000. 

Quercetin and rutin increased the frequency of apoptotic cells in the male F344 rat model with chemically induced colon tumors [141]. Resveratrol enhanced upregulation of proapoptotic Smac/DIABLO protein and downregu-lated survivin in UVB exposure-mediated skin tumors [142]. Apigenin inhibits apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma tumor xenograft in athymic nude mice [143]. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester increased apoptosis and... 

Cisplatin is used for the treatment of ovarian and cervical carcinomas small cell and non-small cell bronchial and lung carcinomas testicular, endometrial, bladder, and prostate carcinomas tumors of the head and throat as well as sarcomas and melanomas. The treatment with cisplatin is complicated by the presence of considerable side effects, whereby the high nephrotoxicity is an especially dosage-limiting factor. Other side effects include hair loss, a reduction of leukocytes and thrombocytes (anemia), an impairment of the taste and hearing senses, as well as nausea and vomiting. 

The surfactant-cobalt(III) complex, dx-[Co(trien)(4CNP)(DA)](C10 )j (trien= triethylene tetramine, 4CNP = 4-cyanopyridine, and DA = dodecylamine), was synthesized (Fig. 4.13) and characterized by various spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. The complex was tested in vitro on human hepatocellnlar liver carcinoma tumor cell lines and found to be active [84]. 

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