Canola standard

This NMR protocol for simultaneous moisture and oil determination in oilseeds, grains, and nuts has been standardized internationally in International Standard Organization (ISO) 10565 (1999). This applies to mature seeds with preservation-level moisture content (e.g., <10% for canola and sunflower seed, <14% for soybean). 

Wanasundara, U.N., Shahidi, F., and Jablonski, C.R. 1995. Comparison of standard and NMR methodologies for assessment of oxidative stability of canola and soybean oils. Food Chem. 52 249-253. 

ZH Gao, RG Ackman. Determination of vitamin K, in canola oils by high performance liquid chromatography with menaquinone-4 as an internal standard. Food Res Int 28 61-69, 1995. 

Coded radius Estimated response (corporation) Standard error (h) a2 (°C) x3 (%) a4 (methanol / canola oil) A5 Added water (%)... 

A second approach, when a diverse gene pool is available, is to interbreed species with appropriate traits by standard seed-breeding processes. This has been done very effectively with species of brassica to yield the modem oilseed rape (canola). If necessary, the gene pool can be extended by mutation resulting from chemical treatment or from irradiation. This may produce novel varieties with interesting traits and is the basis of the low-linolenic lines from linseed, and other examples are described in Section 9.3. 

The proposed Codex standard for edible low emcic acid rapeseed gives the maximum levels permitted for iron, copper, lead, and arsenic. Although these metals are found in other edible oils and are present naturally in the seed, nevertheless, they can also be introduced during handling and processing. Diosady et al. (48) and Elson et al. (49) examined the effect of processing on trace elements in canola... 

The properties of canola oil are governed by the components present in the oil and described by the general standards for vegetable fats and oils. Selected physical properties for canola oil in comparison with HEAR oil are shown in Table 13. 

Quality Assurance In the processing of canola oil to edible oil products, much the same quality control procedures are applied as with other oils. A few aspects, such as for example the presence of chlorophyll derivatives in crude oil and their removal in processing, are somewhat unique. AOCS (76) or other standard methods, such as lUPAC, ISO, or DGF are commonly used. 

The tocopherols are especially important as antioxidants in frying, because of their low rate of evaporation and low rate of destruction at frying temperatures (134). The tocopherol content of standard canola oil is given in Table 6, together with the tocopherol content of some specialty canola oils and other common... 

Canola Rapeseed Oils with Modified Fatty Acid Composition Since the introduction of standard canola, there has been considerable plant breeding efforts to produce canola oils with modified fatty acid compositions. These efforts were primarily to improve oxidative stability, or crystallization properties, or even produce lauric acid-containing oils and, more recently, canola oil containing gamma linolenic acid (11). The following is a list of these developments ... 

High oleic acid canola oil is another development pursued in Canada, the United States, Sweden, Australia, and elsewhere (137). As with low linolenic acid canola oil, the aim was to produce stable frying oil, which will not need hydrogenation and thus avoid fraui-isomers formation. The oleic acid content in oil from seed developed in Canada is at about 78%, whereas linoleic and linoleic acids are lowered to approximately 8% and 3% respectively (see Table 2). Saturated fatty acid content is unchanged from the standard canola oil. There is limited commercial seed production for export to Japan. Also, there is increasing acceptance of the oil in Canada and the United States. The frying performance in tests was found to be similar to... 

Standard canola oil, mainly because of its fatty acid composition, is relatively well suited for biodiesel production. Harrington (145), and Knothe et al. (146) discussed desired properties of fatty acid ester structure for biodiesel. Knothe et al. (146) also discussed biodiesel standards in different countries, for those interested. Briefly, the desired properties of vegetable oil fatty acids for methyl ester biodiesel can be summarized as follows ... 

Standard canola oil is high in CIS fatty acids, about 95%, which is higher than the other commodity vegetable oils. It is high in CIS In - 9 oleic acid at about 60%, much higher than any other vegetable oils, and it is relatively low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic at about 21%, and linolenic at about 10%. Viscosity, cold hlter plugging point, and cetane number are some of the most important biodiesel fuel properties influenced by fatty acid composition. 

The desired properties of methyl esters for biodiesel are given in Table 24 (147). These properties are the German biodiesel standard Deutsche Industrie Norm (DIN) V 511605. This standard, as well as other European standards, was developed, especially with canola/rapeseed oil as the starting material in mind. The suggested... 

USA-ASTM standard for 100% pure biodiesel is similar in many respects (146), but it is written for the use of soybean oil as the main starting material. Canola oil for methyl ester production must either be degummed (<20 mg/kg of phosphorus), or in addition, must be alkali refined and bleached, depending on the methyl ester production process requirements (148). 

Italian and Spanish ohve oil from the 1991-1992 crop year contained a very high level of 9,19-cyclolanosterol (>400 mg/kg), which was not found with the standard method for sterol analysis. Two isomers of this sterol were identified by GC/MS of the unsaponifiable fraction, and their levels were found to be inversely proportional to the levels of p-sitosterol in the oils. GC/MS of the unsaponifiable fraction with high-resolution GC capillary columns provides a relatively rapid means of checking product purity and the identity of individual components. Thus, triterpene diols were identifiable at m/z 203, ot-tocopherol at m/z 165, squalene at m/z 69, cholesterol at m/z 386, and brassicasterol, characteristic of canola oil and other Brassica oils, at m/z 398. 

Standard liquid shortening sold in the market contains lightly hydrogenated soybean or canola oil. These contain approximately 20-30% trans-fats. Substitution of this lightly hydrogenated oil with one of the oils listed in Table 6 would produce trans-fxee pourable shortening. 

Beef and dairy cattle. Canola meal has gained widespread acceptance as a protein supplement in beef and dairy rations. Research has shown its effectiveness in a variety of production and management situations. Lactation trials have demonstrated that canola meal will maintain or slightly improve milk production relative to soybean meal-based rations. Improved milk production may in part reflect the amino acid content of the bypass protein fraction of canola meal. In beef cattle rations, animal performance has been shown to meet or exceed industry standards when canola meal is incorporated. Canola meal can be used as the sole protein supplement in rations for growing and finishing cattle (29). 

Significant differences in fuel standards also exist among different countries (2, 14-18 Table 1). In the European Union (EU), member countries have adopted a standard requiring an iodine value of less than 115 (15, 16), 120 (14), or 125 (18). This iodine value reflects the upper extreme iodine value of canola (low erucic acid rapeseed) oil. The American Society for Testing Measures (ASTM) and Italian National Standards Body (UNI) standards do not include iodine value (2, 17) and thus allow higher iodine value oils such as soy and sunflower. 

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