Linolenic acid gamma

Devineau, J. and C. Amiard Triquet 1985. Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus. Mar. Biol. 86 139-143. Dib, A., J.P Clavel, and J.P. Carreau. 1989. Effects of gamma-linolenic acid supplementation on lipid composition of liver microsomal membranes. I. Pregnant rats fed a zinc-deficient diet and those fed a balanced one. Jour. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 6 95-102. 

Mulherjee, K. D. and I. Kiewitt. 1987. Formation of gamma linolenic acid in the higher plant evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 35 1009-1012. 

Evening primrose contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid that supports the production of prostaglandins and thus helps maintain hormonal balance. It is approved in Britain to treat premenstrual syndrome. Native American women chewed evening primrose seeds to alleviate premenstrual and menstrual discomfort (see Chapter 59). 

Colquhoun, A. and Schumacher, R.I., Gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid induce modifications in mitochondrial metabohsm, reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in Walker 256 rat carcinosarcoma cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1533, 207, 2001. 

Booyens, J., Englebrecht, P., Le Roux, S., and Louwrens, C.C. 1984. Some effects of the essential fatty acid linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid and their metabolites gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and of prostaglandins A1 and El on the proliferation etc. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 15, 15-33. 

Carter, J.P. (1988) Gamma-linolenic acid as a nutrient. Food Technol., 42(6), 72-82. 

Gibson, R.A., Lines, D.R. and Neumann, M.A. (1992) Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) content of encapsulated evening primrose oil products. Lipids, 27, 82-84. 

Goffman, F.D. and Galletti, S. (2001) Gamma-linolenic acid and tocopherol contents in the seed oil of 47 accessions from several Ribes species. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 349-354. 

Sensidoni, A., Bortolussi, G., Orlando, C. and Fantozzi, P. (1996) Borage oil (Bortago officinalis L.) an important source of gamma linolenic acid. II. Tocopherols and chlorophyll content and sensorial analysis of borage oils extracted by different techniques and blended with extra virgin olive oil. lnd. Aliment., 35, 664-669. 

K oor R, Huang YS. Gamma linolenic acid an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2006 7 531— 534. 

Rakesh Kapoor Bioriginal Food and Science Corp., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Conjugated Linoleic Acid Oils, Gamma Linolenic Acid Oils. 

Serum levels of phospholipids dfiiomo-gamma-linolenic acid were also found to be inversely associated with the risk of death caused by lung cancer (60). In diabetic rats, GLA was found to have beneficial, restorative effects on nerve conduction velocity, Na-f, K+ ATPase activity, and membrane fatty acid composition (61). Moreover, bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in hamsters was altered as a result of elevations in tissue PGEl and 15-HETrE, both of which have anti-inflammatory properties (62). 

Abbreviations LLCAN—Low iinoienic acid canola oil HOGAN—High oleic acid canola oil GLCO—Canola oil with gamma linolenic acid LLFlax—Flaxseed oil with reduced content of linolenic acid LTCAN—Canola oil with high content of lauric acid SUN—Sunflower oil MUFA—Monounsaturated fatty acids PUFA— Polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

Canola Rapeseed Oils with Modified Fatty Acid Composition Since the introduction of standard canola, there has been considerable plant breeding efforts to produce canola oils with modified fatty acid compositions. These efforts were primarily to improve oxidative stability, or crystallization properties, or even produce lauric acid-containing oils and, more recently, canola oil containing gamma linolenic acid (11). The following is a list of these developments ... 

The complete fatty acid compositions of some of these oils, namely, low hnolenic and high oleic acid, lauric acid, and gamma linolenic acid oils are given in Table 2. 

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) can be defined by classic definition, which defines EFAs as the fatty acids that are required for proper functioning of cells, but the body cannot synthesize them and, therefore, must be supplied by diet. According to this definition, there are only two EFAs linolenic acid (LA, C18 2, n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18 3, n-3). The functional definition of EFAs includes the fatty acids that can correct the symptoms produced by elimination of all EFAs from the diet. According to this definition, LA, gamma linolenic acid (GLA, C18 3, n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA, C20 4, n-6) are EFAs of n-6 family (1, 2). 

TABLE 1. Selected Plant Species High in Gamma-Linolenic Acid. 

---