Calmette-Guerin

Dead or live bacteria may be effective to stimulate inflammatory reactions of phagocytic cells against tumor cells. The best-characterized treatment is the use of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) in the case of bladder cancer where activation of the immune response is capable of controlling tumor growth. 

Otenhoff, T.H., Kale, A.B., VanEmbden, J.D.A., Thole, J.E.R., Kiessling, R. (1988). The recombinant 65-kD heat shock protein of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guerin/M. tuberculosis is a target molecule for CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 168, 1947-1952. 

BCF Basophil chemotactic factor B-CFC Basophil colony-forming cell BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin BCNU l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea bFGF Basic fibroblast growth fiictor Bg Birbeck granules BHR Bronchial hyperresponsiveness BHT Butylated hydroxyroluene b.i.d. Bis in die (twice a day)... 

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) A vaccine prepared from a living attenuated strain of tubercle bacilli and used to vaccinate human beings against tuberculosis or treat some types of cancer. 

Intravesical infusion of linear PEI/pDNA polyplexes was evaluated in patients with superficial bladder cancer where intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin had failed [6, 224]. Patients had low grade superficial bladder cancer, which expressed H19. The therapeutic pDNA contains H19 gene regulatory sequences that drive the expression of an intracellular toxin. Escalating doses of 2-20 mg plasmid per intravesical treatment were applied, with responders continuing to receive polyplexes once a month every month for 1 year. The treatment resulted in complete ablation of the marker tumor, without any new tumors in four of the 18 patients (22% overall complete response rate). Eight of the 18 patients (44%) had complete marker tumor ablation or a 50% reduction of the marker lesion. 

Sidi AA, Ohana P, Benjamin S, Shalev M, Ransom JH, Lamm D, Hochberg A, Leibovitch I (2008) Phase I/II marker lesion study of intravesical BC-819 DNA plasmid in H19 over expressing superficial bladder cancer refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 180 2379-2383... 

The answer is i. (Katzwng, p 984.) Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine is a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system. It is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium fruvis that appears most effective in small, localized bladder tumors. This agent is approved for intravesicular use in bladder cancer. Adverse reactions are associated with the renal system, such as problems with urination, infection, and cystitis. 

BCG vaccine—Bacille bilie de Calmette-Guerin vaccine Bi—bismuth... 

BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine Brucellosis vaccine Cholera vaccine Cytomegalovirus vaccines... 

Pinsky, C.M. et al., Intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with recurrent superficial carcinoma of the urinary bladder Report of a prospective, randomized trial, Cancer Treat. Rep., 69,47, 1985. 

Lage, J.M. et al., Histological parameters and pitfalls in the interpretation of bladder biopsies in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of superficial bladder cancer, J. Urol., 135, 916, 1986. 

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was originally described as a factor produced following exposure of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin-treated animals to bacterial endotoxin. It was so named because it possessed the ability to necrotise tumours. This factor is now named TNF-a to distinguish it from another, related cytokine lymphotoxin, which is sometimes referred to as TNF-/J Alternative names for TNF-a include cachectin and cytotoxin. Its primary cellular source in the body is the activated macrophage, but some other cell types (e.g. NK cells, astrocytes, some lymphocytes, fibroblasts, many tumour cells, endothelial cells and neutrophils) have also been shown to synthesise this cytokine. 

Examples of attenuated vaccines are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for immunization against tuberculosis, Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis, attenuated Paramyxovirus parotitidus against mumps, and attenuated measles virus against measles. 

Jouanguy, E., Lanhamedi-Cherradi, S., Altare, E, etal, Partial interferon-y receptor I deficiency in a child with tuberculoid bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection and a sibling with clinical tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2658-2664 (1997). 

Altare, F., Lammas, D., Revy, R, etal, Inherited interleukin-12 deficiency in a child with bacille Calmette-Guerin and salmonella enteritidis disseminated infection. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 2035-2040 (1998). 

Live, attenuated bacteria, e.g. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) used to immunize against tuberculosis. 

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and its active component, muramyl dipeptide, have been shown to have aspecific immunostimulant activity. It is mainly used for the local treatment of bladder cancer. It binds to fibronectine in the bladder epithelium. Hypersensitivity reactions and immune complex disease are its major adverse reactions. 

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a viable attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Nonviable strains of the bacterium also have been shown to augment the immune response. The smallest active compound derived from BCG thus far has been identified as muramyl dipeptide. The T cell is a principal target for BCG. It also appears to stimulate natural killer cells, which in turn can kill malignant cells. It has been suggested that BCG cross-reacts immunologically with tumor cell antigens. 

This vaccine is routinely given to infants and small children in countries where TB is common. This vaccine contains a live attenuated (weakened) strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis. The bacterium has been modified to produce a strain known as Bacille Calmette-Guerin, named after its discoverer. Killed vaccines (strain) can not be used to protect against tuberculosis infection since they do not produce the necessary cellular immune response. 

Infants with SCID have profound immunodehciency and present with frequent episodes of diarrhea, pneumonia, otitis, sepsis, and cutaneous infections. Persistent infections with opportunistic organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii, Epstein-Barr virus, Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, parainhuenzae 3 virus, respiratory syncitial virus, adenovirus, varicella, and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lead to death within the hrst or second year of life. ADA dehciency also occurs in adults, but with a much later onset and nhlder, but clinically discernible, immunodehciency [3,5]. 

BCG, live bacterium Mycobacterium bovis — Bacillus Calmette-Guerin... 

Lou, Y., Olson, W.P, Tian, X., Klegerman, M., and Groves, M.J. (1995). Interaction between fibronectin-bearing surfaces and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or gelatin microparticles. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 47, 177-181. 

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