Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine

BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine Brucellosis vaccine Cholera vaccine Cytomegalovirus vaccines... 

Sasmaz R, Altinyazar HC, Tatlican S, Eskioglu F, Yurtsever P. Recurrent lupus vulgaris following repeated BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccination. J Dermatol 2001 28(12) 762-4. 

Examples of attenuated vaccines are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for immunization against tuberculosis, Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis, attenuated Paramyxovirus parotitidus against mumps, and attenuated measles virus against measles. 

Immobilized cells are also used in biotechnology in the production of protein molecules. For example, entrapped hybridoma cells have been used for the production of monoclonal antibodies which are secreted into the microcapsules. This allows for easier collection of the antibodies compared to growing the hybridoma cells directly in the culture medium. The microcapsules are easily separated from the culture medium and broken to collect the antibodies. Isolation of the antibodies from the culture medium involves numerous purification steps, and product is lost during each of these steps to an extent which depends on the efficiency of the process. Live vaccines have been encapsulated. For example. Bacillus Calmette Guerin has been encapsulated in an alginate polylysine-alginate system. 

Besnard M, Sauvion S, Offredo C, Gaudelus J, Gaillard JL, Veber F, Blanche S. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 12(12) 993-7. 

Tuberculosis can be prevented by using the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine, a weakened form of the tuberculosis bacterium that does not cause a tuberculosis infection. The vaccine enables the immune system to create antibodies for tuberculosis bacterium. 

The booster effect occurs in patients who do not respond to an initial skin test but show a positive reaction if retested about a week later. Patients with past M. tuberculosis infection and some patients with past immunization with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or past infection with other mycobacteria may boost with a second skin test. Individuals who require periodic skin testing, such as health care workers, should receive a two-stage test initially. Once they are shown to be skin-test-negative, any positive skin test later shows recent infection, and this requires treatment. 

Of perhaps special interest are Micobacterium tuberculosis toxins, for which a vaccine has been developed known by the name Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), derived from Microbacterium bovis. 

We mention again Nieper anticancer therapy as profiled, for instance, by Richard Walters [1993]. Described as a complex nutritional and metabolic therapy, it variously involves vitamins, minerals, laetrile, animal and plant extracts, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines such as that called BCG, for bacillus Calmette-Guerin, a weakened strain of tuberculosis bacillus. The latter has entered medical orthodoxy as a treatment for bladder cancer.)... 

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine This BCG vaccine (0.1 mL intradermally) is indicated in conditions where an individual has been exposed to tuberculosis, where immunity is not permanent. 

Suttmann H, Riemensberger J, Bentien G, Schmaltz D, Stockle M, Jocham D, Bohle A, Brandau S (2006) Neutrophil granulocytes are required for effective bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy of bladder cancer and orchestrate local immune responses. Cancer Res 66 8250-8257 Tindle RW (1996) Human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 8 643-650 Tobinai K (2007) 4. Antibody therapy for malignant lymphoma. Intern Med 46 99-100... 

Currently available live vaccines include measles, mumps, polio, rubella, vaccinia (smallpox), varicella (chickenpox), and yellow fever. All of these are made from viruses. There are two live bacterial vaccines 1) Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis and 2) oral typhoid. 

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