Cytomegalovirus vaccine

BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine Brucellosis vaccine Cholera vaccine Cytomegalovirus vaccines... 

Cytomegalovirus vaccines Live attenuated strain of human cytomegalovirus Active immunization against cytomegalovirus... 

Vilalta A, Mahajan RK, Hartikka J, Rusalov D, Martin T, Bozoukova V, Leamy V, Hall K, Lalor P, Rolland A, Kaslow DC. I. Poloxamer-formulated plasmid DNA-based human cytomegalovirus vaccine evaluation of plasmid DNA biodistribu-tion/persistence and integration. Hum Gene Ther 2005 16 1143-50. 

Britt W, Fay J, Seals J, Kensil, C (1995) Formulation of an immunogenic human cytomegalovirus vaccine responses in mice. J Infect Dis 171 18-25... 

In contrast to antibacterial antibiotic therapy, inhibition of viral replication is usually difficult to achieve. Therefore preventive strategies, such as vaccination, are frequendy more successful and clinically important. However, vaccines are not available for all viruses furthermore, some viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), are ubiquitously present and usually not very pathogenic unless in an immunocompromised host. One strategy to combat viral infecdons in the immunocompromised host is the application of neutralizing mAbs. One such mAh is directed to the F protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which afflicts premature newborns with often severe pulmonary infections this mAh appears to be useful in such situations (91). Other mAbs to viral antigens are in development. 

A number of DNA vaccines have progressed into clinical trials for the prevention and/or treatment of HIV, malaria, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis B and C [23,24], So far the DNA vaccines have been well tolerated in clinical trials [23] and have produced both humoral and cellular responses in some trials [41], but overall the potency has been disappointing [20], Although DNA is typically injected intramuscularly, alternative delivery systems have been evaluated. One such system that has been tested clinically for hepatitis B involves coating plasmid DNA onto gold beads, which are then propelled into the epidermis using a needle-free delivery system [20,42,43],... 

The treatment for smallpox is primarily supportive. Research is ongoing into antiviral therapies for smallpox but currently therapy for patients infected with smallpox remains supportive, with intravenous fluids, pain medications, and antibiotics as needed for secondary bacterial infections (Henderson, 1999). Cidofovir, an antiviral agent used primarily against cytomegalovirus infection, has shown some promise against orthopox viruses such as vaccinia and cowpox in animal studies (De Clercq, 2002). Currently it is approved in its IV form for use in the treatment of adverse effects of smallpox vaccination (CDC, 2003). 

Pulmonary delivery could also be used for delivery of vaccines. In the United States alone, children endure as many as 14 vaccine injections by age 16 and that number is climbing as new research makes more vaccines available. The cost of a single injection can quadruple if the costs of equipment and personnel are included. Furthermore, fear of needles reduces compliance, thus the potential for an increased market share in this area. Inhaled vaccines may be used to prevent influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles, cytomegalovirus, asthma, and mucosal-entry diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. 

ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CMV-IVIG cytomegalovirus intravenous immunoglobulin DTaP diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine HBIg hepatitis B immune globulin HDCV human diploid cell vaccine (rabies)... 

Tackaberry ES, Dudani AK, Prior F, et al. Development of biopharmaceuticals in plant expression systems cloning, expression and immunological reactivity of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (UL55) in seeds of transgenic tobacco. Vaccine, 1999 17(23/24) 3020-3029. 

Most DNA vaccines tested over the past decade have consisted of conventional plasmids with a eukaryotic expression cassette. The important elements of such plasmids are the promoter, the gene insert, the polyadenylation termination sequence, a bacterial origin of replication for production in Escherichia coli, and an antibiotic resistance gene for selection (see Fig. 1). Typically, strong viral promoters, such as the intermediate early promoter of cytomegalovirus with the intron A, are used. This ensures constitutive, high levels of antigen production in many tissue... 

Duggan MA, Pomponi C, Robboy SJ (1986) Pulmonary cytology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome an analysis of 36 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2 181-186 Elek SD, Stern H (1974) Development of a vaccine against mental retardation caused by cytomegalovirus infection in utero. Lancet 1 1-5... 

A number of studies have also assessed the capacity of the ISCOM vaccines to induce protection from challenge (assessed by survival, weight loss, virus isolation and clearance kinetics) [38]. Protection studies with experimental ISCOMs vaccine have been performed in various animal species[39, 40]. The most relevant results were obtained with ISCOMs containing viral antigens such as herpes (HSV-1), pseudorabies (PrV), bovine herpes virus type I (BHV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and rubella. Since 1992 the major areas of interest have been Retroviridae (HIV-1, -2, SIV, FIV and FeLV) and Orthomyxoviridae (various strains of influenza) [44]. For ISCOM vaccination, i.m. and s.c. routes of administration have mainly been used. 

Cantisan S, Martin C, Romero-Sanchez MC, Ferrando-Martinez S, Martinez F, Rivero A, et al. Role of defective th)miic function in onset of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus after cord blood transplantation. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 19(12) 1994-8. 

To date the antiviral activity of interferon has been demonstrated only in tissue culture or in animal systems and not in man. In one study (16) interferon Induced by measles vaccine was found not to affect the shedding of cytomegalovirus of chronically infected children. However, this was not unexpected since this virus is highly resistant to the effect of interferon in tissue culture. 

---