Bulk shipping

K. C. Schenk and Andrew Krause, Eessons Teamed deterioration of Munitions Stored Under Extreme Conditions (Bulk Ship Cargo, etc.), ARDC-LL-86002, ARDEC, Dover, N.J., July 1986. 

It is presumed that the product(s) to be produced is (are) known. The size of the containers it will be shipped in depends on the size of the expected orders, the facilities the customer has for handling the materials, and the hazardous classification of the material. Material shipped in bulk quantity is cheaper than packaged items, but it requires the customer to have more elaborate unloading and storage facilities. Bulk shipping is only used when large amounts are purchased at one time. Union Carbide will not ship in bulk less than 40,000 lb (18,000 kg) of material. Table 3-2 gives a summary of the maximum bulk shipments possible by various carriers. 

Properties and handling. 1,4-butanediol is a colorless, oily liquid with a feint odor. It is miscible in water, ethanol, and acetone. BDO is not a skin irritant but it is toxic if you drink it. It is available as technical grade. There are no bulk shipping regulations. 

Properties and handling. Acrylonitrile is a colorless, flammable liquid with a boiling point of 171°F. It is traded commercially as technical grade (99%) and is bulk shipped in lined tank cars or trucks with the hazardous material markings. The linings are necessary due to the corrosive nature of acrylonitrile. 

Chilled juices being marketed domestically are prepared either from freshly extracted juice or from concentrate that has been bulk shipped to a packaging site then reconstituted to single-strength juice. 

Bulk shipping requires sanitation and security procedures... 

In instances where excipients are labeled on the packaging line, packaged in pre-printed bags, or bulk shipped in tank cars, there should be documentation of the system used to satisfy the intent of the above requirements. 

Economic outlook and projections. Any appraisal depends on the particular time and general level of economic activity. At the present time, with no allowance for a depigmentation step, the unit cost for finished polymer from a 25 000 ton/year selective dissolution facility is about half that of virgin HDPE made in a world-class plant. This unit cost includes operating costs, overheads and depreciation but excludes profit and assumes the scrap plastics to be available for the cost of bulk shipping. This estimate is qualitatively reasonable. 

Many trade names are also listed in the American Chemical Week Buyers Guide, published annually in September by McGraw-Hill. This is in three sections dealing with (1) diemicals, (2) packaging and bulk shipping, and (3) equipment... 

The bulk of transits convey natural resources to markets outside the Arctic. During the past two years, relatively few of them are made by ships flagged or based in European countries. Instead, they have consisted primarily of Russian transits. Consequently, destination-based shipping is expected to constitute the primary activity in Arctic waters in the short to medium-term (Lasserre 2014), in turn utilizing bulk shipping instead of containers (Schoyen Brathen 2011). However, its viabihty is sensitive to commodity price fluctuations (Comtois Lacoste 2012) given the higher extraction costs of Arctic resources. 

The existing fleet is primarily suited to accommodate the needs of destination-based traffic, which may be inferred by the large share of the ships related to bulk shipping (tankers and bulk carriers). This may not directly concern Arctic waters, as there are other areas in the world where ice-classed fleet may be deployed, e.g. the Baltic Sea. 

Comtois, C. Lacoste, R. 2012. Dry bulk shipping logistics. In Song, D-W and Panayides, P. (eds), Maritime logistics a complete guide to effective shipping and port... 

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