Polyethylene linings

Little is known of the market for acetyl chloride. The production and sales are beUeved to be small, but may have potential for very large scale-up. The total U.S. market may amount to only 500 t annually. Acetyl chloride must be shipped in polyethylene-lined dmms having capacities of only 220 L it must be labeled as a corrosive substance. Acetyl chloride generated captively from purchased raw materials probably has a unit value of no more than 0.92—0.95/kg. Shipping costs and other factors set the price at about 3/kg for the commercial trade. 

The acryhc esters may be stored in mild or stainless steel, or aluminum. However, acryhc acid is corrosive to many metals and can be stored only in glass, stainless steel, alurninum, or polyethylene-lined equipment. Stainless steel types 316 and 304 are preferred materials for acryhc acid. 

Fluoroboric acid and some fluoroborate solutions are shipped as corrosive material, generally in polyethylene-lined steel pads and dmms or in rigid nonretumable polyethylene containers. Acid spills should be neutralized with lime or soda ash. 

In some cases, particularly with iaactive metals, electrolytic cells are the primary method of manufacture of the fluoroborate solution. The manufacture of Sn, Pb, Cu, and Ni fluoroborates by electrolytic dissolution (87,88) is patented. A typical cell for continous production consists of a polyethylene-lined tank with tin anodes at the bottom and a mercury pool (ia a porous basket) cathode near the top (88). Pluoroboric acid is added to the cell and electrolysis is begun. As tin fluoroborate is generated, differences ia specific gravity cause the product to layer at the bottom of the cell. When the desired concentration is reached ia this layer, the heavy solution is drawn from the bottom and fresh HBP is added to the top of the cell continuously. The direct reaction of tin with HBP is slow but can be accelerated by passiag air or oxygen through the solution (89). The stannic fluoroborate is reduced by reaction with mossy tin under an iaert atmosphere. In earlier procedures, HBP reacted with hydrated stannous oxide. 

The high purity anhydrous copper(II) fluoride must be stored ia a tightly closed or sealed container under an atmosphere of argon. The dihydrate may be stored ia polyethylene-lined fiber dmms. The ACGIH (1992—1993) adopted toxicity value for copper as Cu is 1 mg/m, and for fluorides a F , 2.5 mg/m. ... 

The total U.S. consumption of H2TiFg is 20 t/yr. The 1993 price varied between 2.80 to 7.50/kg depending on quantity and specifications. It is packaged in DOT approved polyethylene-lined dmms and the salts in polyethylene-lined fiber board dmms. 

Iodine is packed in double polyethylene-lined fiber dmms containing 10, 25, and 50 kg. There is no specific freight classification. 

MAA and EAA are stable Hquids, and are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene-lined dmms. For bulk shipments, insulated stainless steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is a Hquid stabili2ed with radical inhibitors such as BHT [128-37-0] and has a shelf life of approximately three months. Shipment is in 60- or 208-L polyethylene-lined dmms. Acetoacetaryhdes are nicely crystalline, stable soHds and are shipped in 208-L dmms with polyethylene liners. 

Dry oxahc acid is packed and sold in polyethylene-lined, multilayered 25-kg paper bags or in polyethylene-lined 300—600-kg PVC flexible containers. It should be stored in a cool, dry, ventilated place. For storage of its solutions at ordinary temperature, 316 stainless steel is often used as a constmction material. 

Economic Aspects. Trimesic acid being a smaH-volume chemical, availabiUty is in polyethylene-lined fiber dmms in 34- and 136-kg quantities. Mesitylene [108-67-8] the raw material, is readily available, and oxidation to trimesic acid presents no problems. The market size is dictated by commercial uses. 

Production, Storage, and Shipment. As noted above, AUco Chemical, Amoco Chemical, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, and Hbls all produce either the acid or the anhydride using different production techniques. The relatively small production volumes of pyromellitic acid and dianhydride results in both storage and shipment in polyethylene-lined fiber dmms of 22—136-kg capacity. 

Shipment ndStora.ge. The crystalline material is shipped as a nonha2ardous material, in polyethylene-lined fiber dmms. The solution can be shipped in dmms or bulk. Suitable materials of constmction for handling ammonium thiocyanate are aluminum, 316 stainless steel, mbber, poly(vinyl chloride), and glass-reinforced epoxy. Steel, 304 stainless steel, and copper alloys should be avoided (375,376). 

L-Ascorbic acid is screened or pulverized into a variety of particle sizes. It is usually packaged in 25-kg and 50-kg quantities in standard, polyethylene-lined containers, eg, fiber dmms, cormgated boxes, etc. The recommended storage conditions are low humidity and temperatures of <23 C. 

The product is shipped in 45-kg polyethylene-lined paper bags, 23-kg Fiberpak dmms, and 57- and 136-kg Leverpak dmms. 

Anhydrous HF was first produced commercially in the USA in 1931 and in the UK from about 1942. By 1992 some eighteen countries were each producing at least 3000 tonnes pa with North America accounting for some 330000 tonnes of the estimated annual world production of about 875 000 tormes, A further 205 000 tonnes was used captively for production of AIF3. Price in 1990 was about l.50/kg for the anhydrous acid and somewhat less for 70% acid. The primary suppliers ship HF in tank-cars of 20-91-tonne capacity and the product is also repackaged in steel cylinders holding 8.0-900 kg (2.7-635 kg in the UK). Lecture bottles contain 340 g HF. The 70% acid is shipped in tank-cars of 32-80-tonne capacity, tank trucks of 20-tonne capacity, and in polyethylene-lined drums holding 114 or 208 I,... 

Neighboring chains in linear polyethylene line up nearly parallel to each other. This gives a polymer that approaches a crystalline material. It is used for bottles, toys, and other semirigid objects. 

Vertical surface collectors can readily provide information on relative drift (e.g., the amount of drift from one field trial compared to another). However, it is difficult to obtain absolute data unless the precise collection characteristics are known for the droplet size spectrum at the point of spray collection, wind speed and air turbulence intensity. " The SDTF conducted studies in wind tunnels to compare the collection efficiency of different types of drift collector used in its field studies. These studies showed that collection efficiency on strings was several orders of magnitude higher for 0.8-mm diameter cotton string than for 2-mm diameter polyethylene line and vertical o -cellulose strips or squares. The higher collection efficiency for the cotton... 

SPILL, LEAK AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES If spills or leaks of TGD occur, follow the same procedure as those for GD, but add the following step Since TGD is not water soluble, dissolve the TGD in acetone prior to introducing any decontaminating solution. Containment of TGD is generally not necessary. Spilled TGD can be carefully scraped off the contaminated surface and placed in a drum with a fully removable head and a high density, polyethylene lining. The TGD can then be decontaminated after it has been dis-... 

Pesticides and their degradation products were analyzed in samples taken from two disposal pits located at Iowa State University, Ames, lA. The first was an eight-year-old 30,000 L concrete-lined pit where over 50 kg of more than AO different pesticides had been deposited. The second was a two-year-old 90,000 L polyethylene-lined pit where 150 kg of 24 different pesticides had been deposited. 

Iodine is packed and supplied in polyethylene-lined fiber drums or high sihcon iron, Hastelloy B, or lead coated steel containers. Glass, graphite and acid-proof bricks are very suitable for storing iodine and its solutions. 

The water used for the leaching was from the NTS water well 5B, chosen because it represents a typical NTS groundwater. The composition of this water was determined by spectrochemical analysis and is shown in Table IV. A 208-liter polyethylene-lined drum was filled with this water approximately every two months and shipped to Livermore. Two-month renewal intervals were chosen since the leaching apparatus consumed water at about that rate. The pH of this water was determined at Livermore one week after collection and found to be 8.13 + 0.01. 

OXALIC ACID. [CAS 144-62-7]. Oxalic acid, HOOC-COOH, or ethanedioic acid, mol wt 90.04, is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is soluble in water, and acts as a strong acid. This acid does not exist in anhydrous form in nature and is available commercially as a solid dihydrate, O2H2O4-2H2O, mol wt 126.07. The commercial product is packed in polyethylene-lined paper bags or flexible containers. Anhydrous oxalic acid can be efficiently prepared from the dihydrate by azeotropic distillation in a low boiling solvent that can form a water azeotrope, such as benzene and toluene. 

Aging under these conditions is reported to cause hydrolysis of cellulose and produce primarily glucose and xylose as short chain degradation products (12). The aging chamber is described by Kerr et al. (3). Individual specimens were rolled loosely around a glass rod, inserted into a Diehls-Alder pressure test tube (Ace Glass, Inc.) and suspended above one mL of distilled water in the bottom of the tube. Tubes were capped with polyethylene-lined bottle caps, and immersed in an oil bath for 15 days. 

H.J. Martens, et al., Sorption of verify drugs in polyvinyl chloride, glass, and polyethylene-lined infusion containers. Am. J. Hosp. Pharmacol. 47 369-373, 1990. 

Warfarin sodium may be adsorbed to PVC and intravenous infusion sets but may be minimized with glass containers or polyethylene-lined containers. Warfarin sodium is incompatible with solutions of adrenaline hydrochloride, amikacin sulfate, metaraminol tartrate, oxytocin, promazine hydrochloride, tetracycline hydrochloride, aminophylline, bretylium tosylate, ceftazidime, cimetidine hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin lactate, dobutamine hydrochloride, esmolol hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate, labetalol hydrochloride, metronidazole hydrochloride, and vancomycin hydrochloride.130131... 

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