Estimated Daily Intake

For carcinogens, risks are estimated as the incremental probability of an indii idual developing ameer o er a lifetime as a result of exposure to the potential carcinogen. The slope factor (SF) converts estimated daily intakes averaged over a lifetime of exposure directly to incremental risk of an individual developing cancer. 

In Hsinchu, Taiwan, the dietary intake of a- and P-endosulfan was studied from June 1996 to April 1997 (Doong and Lee 1999). p-Endosulfan was not detected in any of the 14 different foods studied, including fruits, meats, seafood, and cereal, and a-endosulfan, by contrast, was found in 78 of 149 samples at an average concentration of 2.76 ng/g wet weight. Based on the average Taiwanese diet, the estimated daily intake of a-endosulfan was 6.24x10 " mg body weight/day. 

The risk posed to predators eating contaminated fish is determined by comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish predators (birds or mammals) with the predicted no-effect concentration in these predatory species. If adequate data are missing, the latter value was estimated from laboratory rodent or meat-eating animals (Table 3.3). 

Exposure analysis. The amount of any chemical that an individual is exposed to will depend upon the levels that occur in food and the amounts of those foods that are consumed. Different population groups will often have different levels of exposure and it is therefore necessary to identify such sub-groups. The exposure level for additives is frequently referred to as the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI). 

The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) can then be calculated using a relatively simple equation ... 

Table 4 Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of phthalates based on the geometric mean values for urinary metabolites estimated by David [137] for CDC data measured in 289 US individuals [138] and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) values calculated by EFSA [62], CSTEE [134], and MHLW [68], as well as the reference dose of phthalates (RfD) calculated by EPA [136] (in pg/kg b.w./day)...

Table 7 Estimated daily intakes of phthalates in different countries, median (range or 95th percentile), based in urinary metabolite concentrations, expressed in pg/kg b.w./day... 

Table 3. Estimated daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by the population of Canada...

An important outcome of the JECFA evaluation is the establishment of an ADI for a food additive. The ADI is based on the available toxicological data and the no adverse effect level in the relevant species. JECFA defines the ADI as an estimate of the amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk (8). JECFA utilizes animal data to determine the ADI based on the highest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), and a safety factor is applied to the NOAEL to provide a margin of safety when extrapolating animal data to humans. JECFA typically uses safety factors of 50, 100, or 200 in the determination of an ADI. The NOAEL is divided by the safety factor to calculate the ADI. The food additive is considered safe for its intended use if the human exposure does not exceed the ADI on a chronic basis. This type of information may potentially be used to help assess the safety of a pharmaceutical excipient that is also used as a food additive, based on a comparison of the ADI to the estimated daily intake of the excipient. 

Fig. 2.15. EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) predicted from human body residues in Fig. 2.14 and ADI (Average Daily Intake) reported worldwide. ADI for Korean was predicted from average residues of individual food-groups in Table 2.7 (l)-(ll) in Fig. 2.14, (12) Charnley and Doull (2005), (13) Bocio and Domingo (2005), (14) Baars et al. (2004), (15) Darnerud et al. (2006), (16) this study, (17) Kiviranta et al. (2004), (18) Sasamoto et al. (2006), (19) Focant et al. (2002), (20) Tsutsumi et al. (2001), (21) Loutfy et al. (2006). Two dotted lines indicate tolerable daily intake (TDI) guidelines of WHO.

Table 11.5. Estimated daily intakes of persistent organochlorines via mussels by different populations in Asia-Pacific region...

Figure 12.3. Estimated daily intakes of TEQs from human breast milk based on the assumption that an infant ingests 700 ml milk per day and that the weight of an infant is 5 kg (Hooper et al., 1997).

The dietary intake of OCPs is considered the main source of exposure for the general population in Australia and in many other countries. Estimates of dietary intakes of OCPs from AMBS are summarised in Tables 17.3 and 17.4 for the years 1971 to 1996. The initial survey in 1970 estimated that excessive intakes of dieldrin and HCB could occur in the diets of 15 18 year old males. Dieldrin and HCB had estimated daily intakes from 0.4 to 1.8 (0.1) and 0.7 to 1.4 (0.6) pg kg-1 bw, respectively. For comparison the accepted daily intake (ADI) at the time is shown in parenthesis (NHMRC, 1971). By 1976, the estimated daily intake of dieldrin remained relatively high, particularly for infants (e.g. 0.1 pg kg-1 bw), while HCB residues in foods were too low to estimate a dietary intake. 

Figure 18.7. Estimated daily intake of OCs by infants in Asian developing countries.

Figure 18.21. Estimated daily intake of TEQs by adults through bovine milk collected from the dumping and reference sites in India. Daily intake was estimated based on the assumption that an adult (60 kg) ingests 176 g of bovine milk per day (John et al., 2001). DB = Buffalo milk from the dumping site. DC = Cow milk from the dumping site. RB = Buffalo milk from the reference site. RC = Cow milk from the reference site.

Table 18.2. Estimated daily intakes of persistent toxic substances by infants in Asian countries...

Studies conducted in other industrialized countries have reported similar values to those obtained for the United States. Estimated daily intakes of CDDs and CDFs from various foods were calculated in a Canadian study of foods domestically produced in Canada or imported from the United States (Birmingham et al. 1989). Based on contamination levels (CDDs and CDFs) in samples of meats, eggs, lfuits, and vegetables from the United States and Canada, a total daily intake of 1.52 pg TEQs/kg body weight was calculated (for a 60-kg adult). The foods that contributed the most exposure to CDDs/CDFs TEQs were milk, eggs, and beef. Approximately one-half (0.81 pg TEQs/kg) was contributed by milk... 

Schecter A, Startin J, Wright C, et al. 1994. Dioxins in U.S. food and estimated daily intake. Chemosphere 29(9-11) 2261-2265. 

No chronic-duration oral MRL was established for barium, despite the observation of a NOAEL and a LOAEL for blood pressure effects in a chronic rat study by Perry et al. (1983,1985,1989), because the resulting MRL would have been approximately 19-50-fold lower than the estimated daily intake of barium from air, water, and dietary sources combined. 

Other potential pathways of exposure-air inhalation, ingestion of water and soil, and dermal contact with soil-are much less significant to total daily intake of dioxins. PCDD/F intake via air inhalation, water ingestion and soil ingestion is estimated to be 3.2 pg TEQ d 1 (2-3% of total daily intake).38 Dermal contact with soil is negligible, however, constituting an estimated daily intake of 0.15pg TEQ d-1.38... 

Schecter A, Startin J, Wright C, Papke O, Lis A, Ball M (1993), Organohalogen Compounds 13 97-100. Dioxin levels in food from the United States with estimated daily intake", Eds. Umweltbundesamt, Wien, Osterreich ISBN 3-85457-131-3... 

Food Additives and Contaminants 20, No.4, April 2003, p.317-24 ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE OF PLASTICIZERS IN 1-WEEK DUPLICATE DIET SAMPLES FOLLOWING REGULATION OF DEPH-CONTAINING PVC GLOVES IN JAPAN Tsumura Y Ishimitsu S Saito I Sakai H Tsuchida Y Tonogai Y... 

Smrkolj, P, Pograjc, L., Hlastan-Ribic, C., and Stibilj, V. 2005. Selenium content in selected Slovenian foodstuffs and estimated daily intakes of selenium. Food Chemistry, 90 691-7. 

A comparison smdy examining possible sources of PFOS and PFCAs to humans was conducted by Tittlemier et al [139]. The estimated daily intake of PFCAs and PFOS for Canadians > 12 years of age was 410 ng/day. Of that, 250 ng/day were estimated from food sources and accounted for 61% of the total daily PFC exposure. PFC-treated consumer goods, such as carpets and apparel, accounted for an estimated 120 ng/day. Daily intakes of PFCs via water, dust and air were estimated to be 0.3, 28 and 12 ng/day respectively. 

The estimated comparative carcinogenic potency can be used to derive a slope factor (SF) or qi for sulfur mustard. The slope factor converts the estimated daily intake averaged over a lifetime exposure to incremental risk of an individual developing cancer. Because the slope factor is an upper 95th percentile confidence limit on the probability of response based on experimental animal data, the carcinogenic risk will generally be an upper-bound estimate. 

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