Bioactive components

Another important quality of aromatic herbs and spices is that the nutrients and other biologically active components (such as antioxidants) in food do not always show the same health benefits when the active substance is isolated from food and ingested as a pure compound (Fuhrman et al. 2000). The aromatic herbs can exert a s mergistic effect between nutrients that affect absorption and bioavailability. 

Terpenes are a diverse group of more than 30,000 lipid-soluble compounds. Their structure includes one or more carbon isoprene units, which are ubiquitously S5mthesized by all organisms through potential pathways, the mevalonate and deoxy-d-xylulose pathways (Rohmer 1999). Among their different forms are monoterpenes, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. They are the main components of essential oils (EOs). 

Phenolic acids (PhAs) are the important group of secondary plant 

FIGURE 13.2. Structures of some importarit monoterpenes present in Lamiaceae and aromatic herbs. 

FIGURE 13.3. Structures of some important polyphenolic compounds present in Lamia-ceae and aromatic herbs. 

---

C. A. Rice-Evans and N. J. Miller, Bioactive Components of Food, Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 24, Biochemical Society, London, pp. 790-794,1996. 

Most published work on the design and fabrication of nanostructures from biological macromolecules relate to DNA and proteins the use of other biopolymers, such as cyclodextrins [2], was far less developed. Because the use of DNA is intensively covered in Chapter 10 of this volume (also see Ref 3), as well as recently described by Seeman [4,5] this chapter will focus on proteins as a potential tool for the construction of nanostructures. Hence this chapter is focused on literature that may provide a basis for the identification of gnidelines, methodologies, and examples having potential for farther development of new protein-based composite nanostrnctnres integrating strnctnral and bioactive components. 

NWUHA v (2000) Novel studies on membrane extraction of bioactive components of green tea in organic solvents part I , J Food Engineering, 44 (4), 233-8. 

Patil BS, Vanamala J and Hallman G. 2004. Irradiation and storage influence on bioactive components and quality of early and late season Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Postharvest Biol Technol... 

Borowski J, Szajdek A, Borowska EJ, Ciska E and Zielinski H. 2008. Content of selected bioactive components and antioxidant properties of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.). Eur Food Res Technol 226(3) 459-465. 

Zhao W, Yang R, Wang M and Lu R. 2009. Effects of pulsed electric fields on bioactive components, colour and flavour of green tea infusions. Int J Food Sci Technol 44 312-321. 

In many industrial areas, antioxidants play a significant role in the context of stability improvement of easily oxidizable compounds. There is a considerable interest in antioxidants as bioactive components of food and as nutritional agents with a role in the maintenance of health and in disease prevention. 

Structure is not necessary for activity, but some common structural essence(s) do exist in all the bioactive components. The HF-hydrolysis products from HGL-A were analyzed. The ion peaks at m/z 330 and 356 were found in the lipophilic products in HF-hydrolysate by ESI-MS (Figure 6). These peaks were also found in HGL-B and GL4, but not in QM-I. 

W. F. Fong Rapid and simultaneous analysis of some bioactive components in Eucommia ulmoides by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2003, 989, 303-310. 

Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. (2007) Antibacterial properties and major bioactive components of cinnamon stick (Cinnamomum burmannii) Activity against foodbome pathogenic bacteria. JAgric Food Chem 55 5484-5490. 

Human milk is a s)mergistic package of essential nutrients and bioactive components. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption is associated with health benefits for many immune-related conditions (Table 2.1). Breast milk contains the nutrients necessary to support the development of the infant s immune system as well as other components that defend against infection. This includes various antimicrobial substances, factors that promote immime development, constituents that promote tolerance and the priming of the infant immime system, as well as anti-inflammatory components. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the evidence for the immune benefits of human milk. 

Anderson JE, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL. Bioactive Components of Allamanda schottii. Journal of Natural Products 1988 51(2) 307-308. 

In this equation, FB is defined as the bioaccessibility coefficient, z. e., fraction of lipid released from the food matrix into juices of the gastrointestinal tract FT is defined as the transport coefficient, i.e., fraction of the released lipid component transported across the intestinal epithelium and Fm is the fraction of the lipid component that reaches the systemic circulation without being metabolized. It is usually important to measure the concentration of a bioactive component at a particular location to establish its efficacy. Thus, the concentration-time profile of a specific bioactive component at a particular site of action may be helpful in the... 

McClements, D.J., Decker, E.A., Park, Y., Weiss, J. (2009). Structural design principles for delivery of bioactive components in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 49, 577-606. 

Rice-Evans C, Miller NJ. 1996. Antioxidant activities of flavonoids as bioactive components of foods. Biochem Soc Transac 24 790-795. 

This research lead to search for a "milk factor" that could be responsible for the observed hypocholesterolemic effects. Several components of milk were named as being the responsible component, for example, orotic acid, whey, calcium, lactose, casein, B12, and B6 (Eichholzer and Stahelin, 1993). This search for a single factor may have been too simplistic bearing in mind that the matrix of nutrients and bioactive components contained within the different dairy foods may have been responsible for the observed effects. 

Cow s milk is a complex and dynamic fluid that contains all nutrients needed for the development and growth of the calf. Milk contains lipids (dairy fat), high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components. The nutritional composition in milk varies depending on factors such as breed and age of the cow and the forage composition (Haug et al., 2007). Table 1.1 presents the different components of milk and their respective concentration per liter. Also presented in the table is an approximation of the daily contribution (%) of the different components in milk to the diet for adults, as well as the main health effects. 

Therefore, other bioactive components in dairy products may have an effect on the metabolic syndrome either independently or in addition to the calcium effect. 

German, J. B., Dillard, C. J., and Ward, R. E. (2002). Bioactive components in milk. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 5, 653-658. 

Inflammation is associated with various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and many others. While several inflammatory markers are commonly expressed during any inflammatory disorder, some are symptom specific. Therefore, the gene array data will be particularly helpful in indicating the appropriate disease model for subsequent preclinical and clinical tests. Only functional, active extracts with potentially safe and novel modes of actions may then be subjected to labor-intensive large-scale extraction, fractionation, characterization, and isolation of novel bioactive components. We believe that the strategy as described schematically in Figure 4.1 will allow efficient use of plant extracts and other natural resources toward identification of novel drug leads for human health care. 

The hydrophobias are a case where protein nanofibers can play a dual role in creating a biosensor. They can aid in the immobilization of bioactive components within a biosensor and also add further functionality to the transducing element of a biosensor device. Hydrophobins are self-assembling [3-sheet structures observed on the hyphae of filamentous fungi. They are surface active and aid the adhesion of hyphae to hydrophobic surfaces (Corvis et al., 2005). These properties can be used to create hydrophobia layers on glass electrodes. These layers can then facilitate the adsorption of two model enzymes glucose oxidase (GOX) and hydrogen peroxidase (HRP) to the electrode surface. The hydrophobin layer also enhances the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. 

The plant was traditionally boiled in water to produce a medicinal tea that was used to accelerate childbirth. Reports of this use stimulated interest in characterising the bioactive component, which was subsequently found to be a 29 amino acid peptide referred to as kalata Bl.105 Cyclotides have also been reported to possess antimicrobial activity,106 and, for example, synthetic versions of the cyclotides circulin B and cyclopsychotride A are active against both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria.106 Impaired antimicrobial activity of cyclotides is observed at high salt concentration in the assay buffer and the phenomenon of activity linked to ionic strength has also been described for thionins and plant defensins and is an indicator of activity at membranes. 

---