Children, normal

Kennedy, C. Sokoloff, L. (1957). An adaptation of the nitrous oxide method to the study of the cerebral circulation in children normal values for cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate during childhood. J. Clin. Invest. 36, 1130-7. 

In newborns and children, normal values lie in the range 36-129 pmol/min/ml. For adults the normal range is 24-43 pmol/min/ml. 

Infection during childhood can be related to close contact within the family or in day centres and schools (258), particularly those for mentally disabled children and adults. (145) The prevalence of HBV in child molesters is high. (158) Children normally maintain close physical contact, which may involve mutual skin injuries. (I5l, 191, 199, 219) Initial HBV infections sustained in childhood are generally associated with a very high carrier rate (20-30%), whereas with advancing age the predisposition to carrier state decreases to about 5%. An HBsAg-positive child can, therefore, be the source of intrafamilial horizontal infection. From this angle, too, the necessity of preventive vaccination is obvious. (176)... 

LI. LagunoSF, D., Pritzl, P-, and Scott, C. R., Urinary N-sulfate glycosaminoglycan excretion in children Normal and abnormal values. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126,34-38 (1967). 

Many children normally have a lower blood pressure than adults. However, low blood pressure in the context of a poisoning should be regarded as normal only if the child is alert, active, appropriate, and has normal peripheral perfusion. 

Study of the Sacral Bone of Children, Normal Full-grown Humans, and Spondylolisthesis... 

The normal range of serum phosphate is 2.5. 5 mg/dL (0.81-1.45 mmol/ L). Phosphate levels in infants and children normally are 30 percent (children) to 50 percent (infants) higher than the normal range for adults. This is mainly due to growth hormone activity in infants and children. Phosphate values must be interpreted cautiously because blood levels may be temporarily affected by intracellular shifts of minerals. A 24-hour urine collection also may be performed to ascertain whether or not there is a problem with excretion of phosphorous by the kidneys. In either case, phosphorous laboratory test usually are performed in conjunction with other laboratory tests, including 4... 

Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Spitzer A (1976) Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children. Normal values for age and sex. J Pediatr 88 928-830 Smellie JM (1995) The intravenous urogram in the detection and evaluation of renal damage following urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 9 213-220 Stokland E, Hellstrom M, Jacobsson B et al (1998) Evaluation of DMSA scintigraphy and urography in assessing both acute and permanent renal damage in children. Acta Radiol 39 447-452... 

Schechter WP, Markison RE, Jeffrey REjr (1989) Use of sonography in the early detection of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am] 14 307-310 Schepsis AA, Jones H, Haas AL (2002) Achilles tendon disorders in athletes. Am J Sports Med 30 287-304 Scholten RR, Pillen S, Verrips A et al (2003) Quantitative ultrasonography of skeletal muscles in children normal values. Muscle Nerve 27 693-698... 

Deviation isn t always cardiac in origin, and it isn t always an abnormality. For example, infants and children normally have right axis deviation and pregnant women normally have left axis deviation. 

Fig. 1.1.3. Transverse power Doppler US scan of the left kidney in a normal child. Normal intrarenal vessels. The straight course of interlobar arteries (arrowheads) is shown...

Fig. 11.5. Microstructures during the slow cooling of a hypereutectoid steel. is the standard labelling for the temperature at which FejC first appears. Hypereutectoid means that the carbon content is above that of a eutectoid steel (in the sense that a hyperactive child has an above-normal activity ).

Managing Anxiety and Body image Disturbance The parents, and sometimes the children, may be concerned about the success or possible failure of treatment with GH. The child is provided with the opportunity to share fears, concerns, or anger. The nurse acknowledges these feeling as normal and corrects any misconceptions the child or parents may have concerning treatment. Time is allowed for the parents and children to ask questions not only before therapy is started but also during the months of treatment. 

Natelson, S. Penniall, R. Crawford, W. L. and Munsey, F. A. Noncasein protein to casein ration of feeding formulas. Effect on blood component levels in normal infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1955), 89,... 

From a therapeutic point of view, it is essential to confirm the presence of bacteriuria (a condition in which there are bacteria in the urine) since symptoms alone are not a reliable method of documenting infection. This applies particularly to bladder infection where the symptoms of burning micturition (dysuria) and frequency can be associated with a variety of non-bacteriuric conditions. Patients with symptomatic bacteriuria should always be treated. However, the necessity to treat asymptomatic bacteriuric patients varies with age and the presence or absence of underlying urinary tract abnormalities. In the pre-school child it is essential to treat all urinary tract infections and maintain the urine in a sterile state so that normal kidney maturation can proceed. Likewise in pregnancy there is a risk of infection ascending from the bladder to involve the kidney. This is a serious complication and may result in premature labour. Other indications for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria include the presence of underlying renal abnormalities such as stones which may be associated with repeated infections caused by Proteus spp. 

Figure 20 Post-column detection of mono- and disaccharides with 4-amino-benzoylbenzamide. Column CarboPac PA-1. Gradient 1-10 mm NaOH (0-20 min.), 10-20 mM NaOH (20-35 min). Flow rate 1 ml/min. Detection absorbance at 400 nm after reaction with 4-aminobenzoylhydrazide. (a) Standard mixture of fucose (1), arabinose (2), galactose (3), glucose (4), xylose and N-acetylglucosamine (5 and 6), allose (7), 3-fucosyllactose (8), fructose (9), lactose (10), Man-(3-(l,4)-GlcNac. (b) Normal urine, (c) Urine from a child with (3-mannosidosis. (Reproduced with permission of Academic Press from Peelen, G. O. H., de Jong, J. G. N., and Wever, R. A., Anal. Biochem., 198, 334, 1991.)...

G4. Giblett, E. R., Ammann, A. J., Wara, D. W., Sandman, R., and Diamond, L. K., Nucleoside phos-phorylase deficiency in a child with severely defective T cell immunity and normal B cell immunity. Lancet 1, 1010-1013 (1975). 

Although human narcolepsy is not typically associated with orexin gene mutations, the orexin / model is most similar to the case of a narcoleptic-cataplectic child, severely symptomatic from infancy, who has a genetic defect in orexin production and release (Peyron et al., 2000). Thus, constitutive orexin deficiency alone in the presence of otherwise histologically normal orexin neurons... 

The fibroblasts do not convert cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin to methylcobalamin or adenosyl-cobalamin, resulting in diminished activity of both N5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Supplementation with hydroxocobalamin rectifies the aberrant biochemistry. The precise nature of the underlying defect remains obscure. Diagnosis should be suspected in a child with homocystinuria, methylmalonic aciduria, megaloblastic anemia, hypomethioninemia and normal blood levels of folate and vitamin B12. A definitive diagnosis requires demonstration of these abnormalities in fibroblasts. Prenatal diagnosis is possible. 

A glucocorticoid-resistance model has been proposed to provide an explanation for how stress might influence diseases in which excessive inflammation is observed (e.g., allergies, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease). In these cases, chronic stress diminishes the immune system s sensitivity to glucocorticoids that normally terminate the inflammatory response. For example, in a study of a group of 50 parents caring for a child undergoing treatment for pediatric cancer, whole blood of parents of cancer patients exhibited a lesser dexamethasone-dependent suppression of IL-6 production in vitro compared to parents of medically healthy children.94... 

Berger (B8, B9) showed that both normal and celiac children form antibodies to a number of food proteins. These antibodies did not cause any deleterious effect in most of these individuals, but it is claimed that they have a different form in celiac children, in whom some antigens may assume a damaging role. In the celiac child certain cereals such as wheat gliadin have been shown to cause a reduction in... 

Alupent has a normal adult dose of 20 mg tid for asthma. How much Alupent should be given to a child weighing 75 lb by the Clarke s Equation ... 

Keflex has a normal adult dose of 250 mg, q6h. If this medication is required for 14 days for a child weighing 46 lb, how many fluidounces of Keflex 125 mg/5 mL should be dispensed ... 

Larger changes in bond lengths, as expected, are observed for more localized carbocations. Most of the structures available are for stabilized systems, such as protonated carbonyl compounds [e.g. the protonated cyclopropyl ketones referred to on page 110 (Childs et al., 1990), and dioxacarbocations (Paulsen and Dammeyer, 1973, 1976 Paulsen and Schuttpelz, 1979 Childs et al., 1986, 1991). It is normal to see one of the atoms of the counterion (in most cases MXJ or MX ) packing in the position expected for addition to the activated C=OH(R)+ system, apparently just within the sum of the van der Waals radii for the neutral centres (Childs et al., 1986). This can happen without significant pyramida-lization, however (Childs et al., 1991), and on both sides of the planar carbon centre it tells us little new about reactivity. 

With this definition, due to Child and Halonen (1984), local-mode molecules are near to the = 0 limit, normal mode molecules have —> 1. The correlation diagram for the spectrum is shown in Figure 4.3, for the multiplet P = va + vb = 4. It has become customary to denote the local basis not by the quantum numbers va, vh, but by the combinations... 

Self-handicapping a stronger or older child will often self-handicap, not using maximum strength self-handicapping normally absent... 

In humans, studies of hormone and behavior interactions affecting maternal behavior have been limited to correlations between endogenous hormones and a variety of behavioral events normally associated with childbirth. Individual differences, of largely unknown origins, have a major impact on human parental behavior. In addition, child rearing experience is a powerful positive determinant of maternal responsivity, and the social environment, including the presence of supportive companions, can affect subsequent mother-infant interactions (Sosa, et al., 1980). 

A commonly accepted point of view in the field of biology and related disciplinesphysiology, biochemistry, psychologyand in the applied fields of medicine, psychiatry, and social relations appears to be that humanity can be divided into two groups (1) the vast majority possess attributes which are within the normal range (2) a small minority possess attributes far enough out of line so that they should be considered deviates. This point of view is more often tacitly assumed than expressed and is illustrated by the fact that when an obstetrician can inform a mother that her newborn child is "normal in every way," everyone is happy but if the infant must be pronounced abnormal, everyone concerned is distressed. 

The existence in every human being of a vast array of attributes which are potentially measurable (whether by present methods or not), and probably often uncorrelated mathematically, makes quite tenable the hypothesis that practically every human being is a deviate in some respects. Some deviations are, of course, more marked and some more important than others. If this hypothesis is valid, newborn children cannot validly be considered as belonging in either one of two groups, normal and abnormal. Substantially all of them are in a sense "abnormal." In the majority, the "abnormalities" may be well enough concealed so that they are not revealed by clinical examination, though they may easily have an important bearing upon the susceptibility of the individual child to disease later in life. 

Maresh,7 in his study of the development of hearts during childhood sponsored by the Child Research Council of Denver, has made findings perfectly in accord with these given by Anson. From the study of repeated roentgenograms of 71 normal boys and 57 normal girls (3,205 roentgenograms total), Maresh concluded ... 

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