Breast invasive

MacGrogan G, Soubeyran I, De Mascarel I, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of progesterone receptors in breast invasive ductal carcinomas. Appl. Immunohistochem. 1996 4 219-227. 

MDA-MB-231 Breast Invasion dependent on strand-like collective cell migration, involving LlMKl and 2 LIMKinhibitor effective in 3-D invasion assay, no effect in 2-D haptotaxis assay (57) ... 

Kalogeraki A, Garbagnati F, Santinami M, et al. E-cadherin expression on fine needle aspiration biopsies of breast invasive ductal carcinomas and its relationship to clinicopathologic factors. Acta Cytol. 2003 47 363-367. 

Breast cancer (WNT 1, WNT5a) Breast cancer Invasive breast cancer Liver cancer Colorectal cancer (spontaneous)... 

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Observational data indicated an association between HRT and breast cancer risk. The WHI was the first RCT to demonstrate an increased risk of invasive breast cancer among women taking HRT. In fact, the trial was stopped early owing to an increased incidence of breast cancer in women taking HRT (0.38%) compared with placebo (0.3%) (HR 1.26, 95% Cl 1-1.59). This translates into an NNTH of 1250 and 8 more cases of invasive breast cancer for every... 

Breast cancer is the most common site of cancer and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in American women. It is estimated that 214,640 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed and that 41,430 women will die of breast cancer in 2006.1 Whites account for the largest portion of estimated cases (82%) and deaths (80%). In addition to invasive breast cancers, it is estimated that 61,980 cases of in situ cancer will be diagnosed among women in the United States in 2006. The median age for the diagnosis of breast cancer is between the ages of 60 and 65 years.2... 

Age Interval (years) Probability (%) of Developing Invasive Breast Cancer During the Interval... 

A number of calculators are available on the Internet to estimate a patient s risk of developing breast cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has an online version of the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool that is considered to be the most authoritative and accurate standard (www.cancer.gov/ bcrisk-tool). The Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool was designed for health professionals to project a women s individualized risk for invasive breast cancer over a 5-year period and over her lifetime. 

The pathologic evaluation of breast lesions serves to establish the histologic diagnosis and to confirm the presence or absence of other factors believed to influence prognosis. These prognostic factors include the presence of necrosis, lymphatic or vascular invasion, nuclear grade, hormone receptor status, proliferative index, amount of aneuploidy, and HER-2/neu expression. 

Bachelder RE, Wendt MA, Mercurio AM. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cancer Res 2002 62(24) 7203-7206. 

Kato M, Kitayama J, Kazama S, Nagawa H. Expression pattern of CXC chemokine receptor-4 is correlated with lymph node metastasis in human invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res 2003 5 144-150. 

Chen Y, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Song C-Z. Down-regulation of CXCR4 by inducible small interfering RNA inhibits breast cancer cell invasion in vitro. Cancer Res 2003 63 4801 1804. 

Zahl, Per-Henrik, Jan Msehlen and H. Gilbert Welch, The Natural History of Invasive Breast Cancers Detected by Screening Mammography , Annals of Internal Medicine 168, no. 21 (2008) 2311-16... 

At Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd., invasive breast cancer tissue controls, demonstrating HER2 expression levels at 3+, 2+, 1+, and 0, are incorporated into all Oracle HER2 Bond IHC System cell line quality control runs. This ensures that control cell lines are validated as a viable assay control. The evaluation of control cell lines should always be performed within the context of appropriate tolerance limits. Subtle changes from batch to batch may occur, and it is the correct evaluation of the cell line staining patterns within appropriate tolerance limits that enables control cell lines to be utilized both in a commercial setting and as an EQA monitoring device. 

The continuous combined oral estrogen-progestogen arm of the Women s Health Initiative (WHI) study was terminated prematurely after a mean of 5.2-year follow-up because of the occurrence of a prespecified level of invasive breast cancer. The study also found increased coronary disease events, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Beneficial effects included decreases in hip fracture and colorectal cancer. 

In the WHI study, estrogen plus progestogen therapy had an increased risk for invasive breast cancer, which did not appear until after 3 years of study participation. The estrogen-only arm of the WHI showed no increase in risk for breast cancer during the 7-year follow-up. 

Raloxifene treatment of osteoporosis was associated with a 76% risk reduction for estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer. An additional study showed that this reduced risk continues for up to 8 years. Among women at high risk for breast cancer, raloxifene was as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer and had a lower risk of thromboembolic events. 

Tumor size and the presence and number of involved axillary lymph nodes are primary factors in assessing the risk for breast cancer recurrence and subsequent metastatic disease. Other disease characteristics that provide prognostic information include histologic subtype, nuclear or histologic grade, lymphatic and vascular invasion, and proliferation indices. 

Tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce the rates of invasive breast cancer in women at high risk for developing the disease. Rates of endometrial cancer and deep vein thromboses are higher in patients receiving tamoxifen but overall quality of life is similar between the two agents. 

The rate of invasive ER-positive breast cancer, a secondary objective in the MORE trial, showed an 84% reduction after 4 years of followup (Cauley et al. 2001) moreover, during the subsequent 4 years of followup in the so-called CORE trial (Continuous Outcomes Relevant to Evista), invasive ER-positive breast cancer, the primary objective of the study, was reduced by 66%. Over the 8 years of both trials, the incidences of invasive breast cancer and ER-positive invasive breast cancer were reduced by 66% and 76%, respectively, in the raloxifene group compared with the placebo group (Martino et al. 2004). These effects have not been associated with harmful effects on the endometrium (Cohen et al. 2000) or the pelvic floor (Goldstein et al. 2001). 

WHI had two different arms. One included postmenopausal women with intact uterus randomly assigned to receive daily (Rossouw 2002). A parallel study randomized postmenopausal hysterectomized women to receive either placebo or 0.625 mg/d of CEE. The two studies included a total of 27,347 women. The study with nonhysterectomized women was interrupted prematurely, after a mean of 5 years of treatment, because health risks exceeded benefits. Among them an increase in invasive breast cancer was observed... 

Tamoxifen has been widely used in the adjuvant treatment of invasive breast cancer associated to surgery and chemotherapy. It has been shown to be effective in preventing new contralateral tumors and local or peripheral recurrences (Nolvadex Adjuvant Trial Organization 1983 Cuzick and Baum 1985 Abe et al. 1998). The overview comprised 37,000 women from 55 randomized trials and included events occurring more than 5 years after randomization. The effects... 

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