Lymph node metastases

Tumor involves one or both ovaries with microscopic confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside pelvis and/or regional lymph node metastasis... 

Kato M, Kitayama J, Kazama S, Nagawa H. Expression pattern of CXC chemokine receptor-4 is correlated with lymph node metastasis in human invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res 2003 5 144-150. 

Ding Y, Shimada Y, Maeda M, et al. Association of CC chemokine receptor 7 with lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003 9 3406-3412. 

Gunther K, Leier J, Henning G, et al. Prediction of lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinoma by expression of chemokine receptor CCR7. Int J Oncol 2005 116 726-733. 

Mashino K, Sadanaga N, Yamaguchi H, et al. Expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 is associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 2002 62 2937-2941. 

Takanami, I. Overexpression of CCR7 mRNA in nonsmall cell lung cancer correlation with lymph node metastasis. Int J Cancer 2003 105 186-189. 

Wiley HE, Gonzalez EB, Maki W, Wu M-T, Hwang ST. Expression of CC chemokine receptor-7 and regional lymph node metastasis of B16 murine melanoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 2001 93 1638-1643. 

NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed NO No regional lymph node metastasis Nl Regional lymph node metastasis Distant metastasis (M)... 

Roder JD, Bottcher K, Busch R, Wittekind C, Hermanek P, Siewert JR. Classification of regional lymph node metastasis from gastric carcinoma. German Gastric Cancer Study Group. Cancer 1998 82(4) 621-631. 

Regional node(s) cannot be assessed No regional lymph node metastasis Metastasis in 1-6 regional lymph nodes Metastasis in 7-15 regional lymph nodes Metastasis in >15 regional lymph nodes... 

K. Yutani, E. Shiba, H. Kusuoka, M. Tatsumi, T. Uehara, T. Taguchi, S.l. Takai, T. Nishimura, Comparison of FDG-PET with MIBI-SPECT in the detection of breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 24(2) (2000) 274-280. 

T. Hara, K. Inagaki, N. Kosaka, T. Morita, Sensitive detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer with IlC-choline PET, J. Nucl. Med. 41(9) (2000) 1507-1513. 

Marsh S, McKay JA, Curran S et al. Primary colorectal tumour is not an accurate predictor of thymidylate synthase in lymph node metastasis. Oncol Rep 2002 9 231-234. 

Ichiki K, Mitani N, Doki Y, Hara H, Misaki T, Saiki I. 2000. Regulation of activator protein-1 activity in the mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 18 539-545. 

Immunohistochemistry has been used for investigating the expression of HER-2-4 in 38 intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinomas (Ito et al., 2001). HER-2 expression was observed in more than 50% of the cases but was not related to any clinicopathological features. HER-3 expression was linked to lymph node metastasis, and HER-4 expression was directly related to proliferating activity and lymph node metastasis. 

Formation of regional lymph node metastasis can be an important step in dissemination of cancer cells. In colorectal cancer, lymph node metastasis frequently occurs in patients (7, 8) and is an important factor in staging the disease. In particular, the metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR number of metastatic lymph nodes/number of examined lymph nodes) is predictive of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in colorectal cancer patients (9, 10). Hence, an animal model of colorectal cancer with measurable lymphatic metastasis that allows for rapid evaluation of the effects of candidate treatment regimens on primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis would be of great value. 

An orthotopic model of mCRC with a high rate of metastasis to the para-aortic lymph nodes has been developed utilizing implantation of tumor cells into the submucosal layer of the rectum (11, 12). In these models, primary tumor burden is evaluated by measuring tumor volume with a caliper, while lymph node metastasis is evaluated histologically. 

We have developed a firefly luciferase-expressing HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29LP, to realize the benefits of BLI with an orthotopic colorectal cancer model. Primary tumors were established by implantation of HT-29LP cells into the submucosal layer of the rectum of mice, and tumor growth and lymph node metastasis were evaluated. A positive control treatment... 

Quantify emitted BLI signals from lymph node metastasis as total photons/sec using Living Image software. 

Record the frequency of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in treatment groups. Evaluate treatment effect on the frequency of para-aortic lymph node metastasis using a chi-squared test. 

Utilizing the methods described above, ex vivo images of para-aortic lymph nodes indicated that 11 of 13 animals (85%) developed lymph node metastasis in the saline control group. Treatment with IFL significantly reduced the frequency of metastasis (27%) versus control (P= 0.002, chi-squared test) (Fig. 14.2B). 

Tsutsumi S., Kuwano H., Morinaga N., Shimura T., Aso T. (2001) Animal model of para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Cancer Lett 169, 77-85. 

Kikuchi T, Daigo Y, Katagiri T, Tsunoda T, Okada K, Kakiuchi S, Zembutsu H, Furukawa Y, Kawamura M, Kobayashi K, Imai K, Nakamura Y, Expression profiles of nonsmall cell lung cancers on cDNA microarrays Identification of genes for prediction of lymph-node metastasis and sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs, Oncogene, 22 2192-2205, 2003. 

Uchida, S., Shimada, Y, Watanabe, G., Li, Z. G., Hong, T., Miyake, M. and Imamura, M. (1999). Motility-related protein (MRP-1/CD9). and KAI1/CD82 expression inversely correlate with lymph node metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 79, 1168-1173. 

Terpstra, O. T., ten Kate, F.J.W., van Urk, H. Long-term survival after resection of a hepatocellular carcinoma with lymph node metastasis and discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Amer J. Gastroenterol. 1984 79 474-478... 

MMPs also act as predictors of recurrence or metastatic risk. High preoperative serum levels of MMP-2 or MMP-3 are predictive of recurrence in patients with advanced urotheliai carcinoma. Furthermore, high levels of MMP-2 in ovarian tumor cells can predict tumor recurrence. The expression of certain MMPs is predictive of metastatic risk. For example, expression of MMP-1 is associated with lymph node metastasis in cervical and peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. MMP inhibition may be a therapeutic strategy for cancer. ... 

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