Recurrent breast cancer

Intraarterial infusion of microspheres containing adriamycin was used for the local treatment of breast cancer and recurrent breast cancer with liver metastases (123). A reduction in tumor size was noted when the microspheres were injected into the internal and lateral thoracic arteries for treatment of the primary tumor. However, hepatic artery injection for liver metastases resulted in improvement in only one of three patients treated. 

Willis KJ, London DR, Ward HW, Butt WR, Lynch SS, Rudd BT (1977) Recurrent breast cancer treated with the antioestrogen tamoxifen correlation between hormonal changes and clinical course. Br Med J 1 425-428... 

J. L. Carreras, Early diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer with FDG-PET in patients with progressive elevation of serum tumor markers, Q. J. Nucl. Med. 46(2) (2002) 113-121. 

Reversible thrombocytopenia occurred in a 64-year-old woman with recurrent breast cancer taking letrozole 2.5 mg/day (16). 

Sperone P, Gorzegno G, Berruti A, Familiari U, Dogliotti L. Reversible pancytopenia caused by oral letrozole assumption in a patient with recurrent breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002 20(17) 3747-8. 

Foekens JA, Diamandis EP, Yu H, Look MP, et al. Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) correlates with poor response to tamoxifen therapy in recurrent breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999 79 888-894. 

Motexafin lutetium is also in clinical trials, having completed several Phase I and II studies. The completed trials are for the photodynamic treatment of recurrent breast cancer [41,42], light-based treatment of choroidal neovascularization, [43] and the photoangioplastic reduction of atherosclerotic plaque in peripheral [19,44] and coronary arterial disease [20,45], On the basis of these studies, MLu (Antrin Phototherapy) is currently being developed for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaque. Additionally, the National Cancer Institute is testing MLu for the PDT based treatment of prostate [46,47] and cervical cancers. 

Dimofte, A. et al. (2002) In vivo light dosimetry for motexafin lutetium-mediated PDT of recurrent breast cancer, Lasers Surg. Med. 31, 305-312. 

Renschler, M.F. et al. (1998) Photodynamic therapy trials with lutetium texaphyrin (Iai-Tex) in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer, Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering 3247, 35-39. 

As shown in Fig. 7.6, texaphyrins have a larger cavity than porphyrins so they can form complexes with lanthanide metals such as gadolinium (XCYTRIN ), that enhances the efficacy of treatment for certain brain tumours, and lutetium (LUTRIN ), used as a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy of recurrent breast cancer [17], Crucial to their success is the increased number of donor atoms available as the more lanthanide binding sites that a ligand can satisfy, the more stable the complex. 

This myriad of symptoms means that it seems likely Mrs CR is suffering from recurrent breast cancer. 

Overmoyer, B., Silvermann, P. Holder, L. W.,Tripathy, D., and Henderson, I. C. (2005), Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide as first-line therapy for patients with metastatic or recurrent breast cancer, Clin. Breast Cancer, 6,150-157. 

Doxorubicin Mycet Egg PC, cholesterol Combinational therapy of recurrent breast cancer Zeneus... 

Doxorubicin Doxil/Caelyx MPEG-DSPE, HSPC, cholesterol, ammonium sulfate, sucrose, histidine Refractory Kaposi s sarcoma ovarian cancer recurrent breast cancer Alza/SP Europe... 

Refractory Kaposi s sarcoma ovarian cancer recurrent breast cancer... 

S. Morita, M. Toi, T. Kobayashi, Y. Ito, Y. Hozumi, S. Ohno, H. Iwata, and J. Sakamoto, Application of a continual reassessment method to a phase I clinical trial of capecitabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and epirubicin (CEX) for inoperable or recurrent breast cancer. Ipn I Clin Oncol 34 104-106 (2004). 

Toremifene (Fareston , chlorotamoxifen Figure 5.15) has been thoroughly investigated in the laboratory [269-272] and has antitumor activity in carcinogen-induced rat mammary cancer, but is less potent than tamoxifen [272-274]. Toremifene has been tested extensively in phase I—III clinical trials [275-278] and has been approved for use in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer [279]. As predicted from the reduced potency in animal studies, the dose required for activity is 60 mg of toremifene daily (tamoxifen is used at 20 mg daily). The side-effects are similar to those of tamoxifen and, as with tamoxifen, the responses are observed in ER-positive tumors. However, because adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen is standard throughout the world, issues of cross-resistance of tamoxifen and toremifene are important considerations for the use of toremifene in recurrent breast cancer. Laboratory studies by Osborne et al. [280] have demonstrated that toremifene-stimulated tumors can develop from MCF-7 breast cancer cells transplanted into athymic mice. Toremifene is cross-resistant with tamoxifen in tamoxifen-stimulated breast cancer in the laboratory [281]. Similarly, cross-over clinical trials demonstrate that there is little possibility of a second response to toremifene after tamoxifen failure [282, 283]. 

Coombes, R.C. and Gustafsson, J.A. (2001) Estrogen receptors and proliferation markers in primary and recurrent breast cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 15197—15202. 

Norris B, Pritchard K, James J, et al. Phase ill comparative study of vinorelbine combined with doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone in disseminated metastatic/recurrent breast cancer National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study MAS. J Clin Oncd 2000, 38, 2385-2394. 

Clinical results for Lutrin have been published for locally recurrent breast cancer after unsuccessful radiotherapy or chemotherapy [72]. Lutrin has also been selected by the National Cancer Institute for trials in primary cancers of the bladder, oesophagus, head and neck, and ovaries. 

T.J. Wieman, T. Panella, R. Lustig, J. Liebmann, R. Carlson, L. Esserman, S. Dougherty, V. Fingar, D. Hoth, M. Renschler, D. Adelman (1999). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of locally recurrent breast cancer (LRBC) with lutetium texaphyrin (lutrin) a phase IB/IIA trial. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 18, 418. 

Photodynamic therapy offers a minimaly invasive, low-cost treatment modality for recurrent breast cancer with few side effects, high patient satisfaction and with possible repetitive application since tissue does not evolve resistance to photodynamic therapy. An additional advantage of PDT is the ability to treat numerous, widespread lesions in one sitting. 

Phase II locally recurrent breast cancer (LUTRIN )... 

Contrary to expectations HRT may not increase the risk of recurrent breast cancer in women taking tamoxifen. HRT is reported to oppose the lipid-iowering effects of tamoxifen. 

Murakami M, Kuroda Y, Nishimura S, Sano A, Okamoto Y, Tanigu Nakajima T, Kobashi Y, Matsusue S (2001) Intraarterial infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy with or without surgery for patient with locally advanced or recurrent breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 24 185 191... 

Doxorubicin in PEG-liposomes recurrent breast cancer Refractory Kaposi s sarcoma 39,42... 

Recurrent Breast Cancer with Proportional Homogeneous Poisson Process... 

Keyword— Reference Analysis, Recurrent Breast cancer, Poisson process, Bayesian Inference. 

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