Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) Cells IL-6 is a co-stimulator of T cells and thymocytes, a differentiation factor for Tc lymphocytes, and a cofactor with other cytokines for the growth of early bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. IL-10 production is enhanced in human T cells by IL-6 and IL-12. IL-6 augments NK-cell activity (it appears to synergize also with IL-1). 

Wright D E, Cheshier S H, Wagers A J, et al. (2001). Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor causes selective mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the blood after M phase of the cell cycle. Blood. 97 2278-2285. Venezia T A, Merchant A A, Ramos C A, et al. (2004). Molecular signatures of proliferation and quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS. Biol. 2 e301. 

High levels of TGF-Ps are present in actively differentiating tissue, e.g. cartilage canals, osteocytes, Hassall s corpuscle in the thymus, bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells, the highest levels being found in blood platelets. It is noteworthy that subcutaneous administration of TGF-P promotes the deposition of... 

Aside from encapsulation of proteins, much work has been done on the surface functionalization of microparticles for cellular interaction and proliferative effects. Surface modification of PLGA microspheres with an amine-terminated dendrimer improved long-term proliferation of chondrocytes without observed changes in the cell phenotype, as compared to monolayer culture systems (Thissen et al. 2006). Additionally, surface functionalization ofpolystyrene magnetic microbeads with the DLL4 notch ligand used in coculture has been shown to efficiently generate T cells from mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (Taqvi et al. 2006). 

Reiffers J. HLA-identical sibhng hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. In Atkinson K, ed. Qinical Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation, 2nd ed. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2000 433 45. 

Hu YX, Luo Y, Tan YM, Shi JM, Sheng LX, Fu HR, et al. Donor bone marrow-derived stem cells contribute to oral squamous ceU carcinoma transformation in a recipient after hematopoietic stem ceU transplantation. Stem Cells Dev January 20, 2012 21(2) 177-80. http //dx.doi. org/10.1089/scd.2011.0308. Epub 2011 Oct 18. 

In recent researches, stem cells have brought to new hope. Bone marrow with two major stem cells (hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells), the adult bone-marrow derived stem cells can regenerate the fl cell in diabetes animal models. These results lead to a new approach in diabetes treatment, especially type 1 diabetes. 

Gonqalves R, Lobato da Silva C, Cabral JMS, Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G. 2006. A Stro-l-t human universal stromal feeder layer to expand/maintain human bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progeni-tor cells in a serum-free culture system. Exp Hematology 34 1353-9. 

Ten types of mature blood cells have been identified each one is derived from primitive hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow erythrocytes (red blood cells) ... 

This class of lymphocytes differentiates from immuno-logically incompetent hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow within the thymus - hence, the name thymus-dependent (T-) lymphocytes. Two major subclasses develop simultaneously, T-helper lymphocytes (Th) and cytotoxic effector lymphocytes (Tc). The cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (carrying on the surface the differentiation marker CD8) destroy cells, which cany their cognate antigen bound to MHC class I molecules on the surface by inducing apoptosis. From an evolutionary point of view Tc cells appear to have developed predominantly to cope with vims infections. As vituses can only replicate within cells, Tc eliminate them by destroying their producers. 

Hematopoiesis is defined as the development and maturation of blood cells and their precursors. In utero, hematopoiesis may occur in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. However, after birth, it occurs exclusively in the bone marrow. All blood cells are generated from a common hematopoietic precursor, or stem cell. These stem cells are self-renewing and pluripotent and thus are able to commit to any one of the different lines of maturation that give rise to platelet-producing megakaryocytes, lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cells. The myeloid cell line produces monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils, whereas the lymphoid stem cell differentiates to form circulating B and T lymphocytes. In contrast to the ordered development of normal cells, the development of leukemia seems to represent an arrest in differentiation at an early phase in the continuum of stem cell to mature cell.1... 

Autologous hematopoietic stem cells are obtained (or harvested ) from bone marrow or peripheral blood. The technique for harvesting autologous hematopoietic cells depends on the anatomic source (i.e., bone marrow or peripheral blood). A surgical procedure is necessary for obtaining bone marrow. Multiple aspirations of marrow are obtained from the anterior and posterior iliac crests until a volume with a sufficient number of hematopoietic cells is collected (i.e., 600-1200 mL of bone marrow). The bone marrow then is processed to remove fat or marrow emboli and usually is infused intravenously into the patient like a blood transfusion. 

Leather HL. Drug interactions in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipient What every transplanter needs to know. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004 33 137-152. 

Cherry, Yasumizu R, Toki J, et al. Production of hematopoietic stem cell-chemotactic factor by bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 1994 83(4) 964-971. 

Stem cells give rise to committed progenitors 504 Lessons from the hematopoietic stem cell 505 Bone marrow stem cells may not be restricted to the blood cell lineage 506... 

The bone marrow is not the only source of hematopoietic stem cells. Such cells are present in low numbers in peripheral blood, and these can be expanded in number with specific factors. Peripheral blood stem cells have the major therapeutic advantage that their harvest is relatively painless and less invasive. Likewise, umbilical cord stem cells can also be obtained in a non-invasive manner from... 

TCDD causes bone marrow hypocellularity, with specific decreases in the total number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and lymphocyte precursors.42 16 Exposure to TCDD also diminishes mRNA levels of recombination activating gene-1 and terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase in bone marrow cells.47 The best characterized effect of TCDD on bone marrow is the impaired maturation of B cells. A single dose of TCDD causes a transient, time- and dose-dependent, and developmental stage-specific impairment in B cell maturation, with mature B cells affected first, followed by depletion of B cell progenitors.45-46... 

Stem cell therapy involves infusion of specialized cells utilized to perform specific functions. The traditional use of cell therapy includes harvest and cryopreservation of autologous hematopoietic cells either from the bone marrow (old approach) or mobilization and pheresis of hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood using stem cell-mobilizing cytokines such as hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF) or chemokine inhibitors (AMD-3100). A more recent stem cell source is umbilical cord blood that has rich pleuripotent potential and can engraft at lower doses than bone marrow or mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. 

Autologous non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with systemic sclerosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007 40 549-555. 

Zijlmans JM, Visser JW, Kleiverda K, Kluin PM, Willemze R, Fibbe WE. Modification of rhodamine staining allows identification of hematopoietic stem cells with preferential shortterm or long-term bone marrow-repopulating ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995 92 8901-8905. 

Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Schmid 0 et al. Change in stem cell source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Europe a report of the EBMT activity survey 2003. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005 36 575-590. 

Korbling M, Anderlini P, Hematology TA. Peripheral blood stem cell versus bone marrow allotransplantation does the source of hematopoietic stem cells matter Blood. 2001 98 2900 2908. 

Shu, S.N., Wei, L., Wang, J.H., et al (2004) Hepatic differentiation capability of rat bone marrow-derived mesench3mial stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. World J Gastroenterol 10, 2818-2822. 

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