Iliac crest

Radiographic studies show calcium-phosphate deposits in joints and/or cardiovascular system Bone biopsy of the iliac crest... 

Autologous hematopoietic stem cells are obtained (or harvested ) from bone marrow or peripheral blood. The technique for harvesting autologous hematopoietic cells depends on the anatomic source (i.e., bone marrow or peripheral blood). A surgical procedure is necessary for obtaining bone marrow. Multiple aspirations of marrow are obtained from the anterior and posterior iliac crests until a volume with a sufficient number of hematopoietic cells is collected (i.e., 600-1200 mL of bone marrow). The bone marrow then is processed to remove fat or marrow emboli and usually is infused intravenously into the patient like a blood transfusion. 

WC, the most practical method of characterizing central adiposity, is the narrowest circumference between the last rib and top of the iliac crest. 

Give by intermittent IV injection, continuous IV infusion or deep subcutaneous (ie, above the iliac crest of abdominal fat layer) injection. Continuous IV infusion is generally preferable due to the higher incidence of bleeding complications with other routes. Avoid IM injection because of the danger of hematoma formation. 

Bone marrow stem cells are aspirated from the patient s iliac crest under local anesthesia. The... 

Pedrini-Mille, A., Pedrini, V., Ponsetti, I. V. Glycosaminoglycans of iliac crest cartilage in spondyloepiphyseal displasia congenita. Calc. Tiss. Res. 16, 183 (1974)... 

Paschalis, E. P., Betts, F., DiCarlo, E., Mendelsohn, R. and Boskey, A. L. (1997) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human iliac crest biopsies from untreated osteoporotic bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 61, 487-92. 

Figure 9 Effect of jnaimose-tenmnal ghicocerefanMidasc on the bone morrow. Right posterior iliac crest biopsy specimens were obtained before (Pre) and after (Post) 3 1/2 yearn of treatment with bigh-dost enzyme supplementation. Marked clearing of the Gaucher cell in Si bate is evident in the pOHttxcalment specimen. Original magnification XJJ. (Frora Ref. 28.)...

Vitamin D deficiency in adults cannot affect the epiphyseal plate, as it has disappeaced, but it can prevent normal mineralization of the osteoid layer in bone that turns over. In vitamin D deficiency the osteoclasts continue to create tunnels and pits in the bone. The osteoblasts continue to synthesize the protein matrix however, complete mineralization of the osteoid may not occur. The result is osteomalacia - This disease may present as bone pain about the hips. Osteomalacia can be diagnosed using a bone biopsy, A sample is taken from the iliac crest — the hip bone. An abnormally wide osteoid is indicative of the disease. X-rays can also be used to diagnose osteomalacia, which is characterized by arrays or zones of tiny fractures in sucli bones as the pelvis and femur. 

The index finger marks the anterosuperior iliac spine. The middle finger traces the iliac crest curvature. The space between the index and middle fingers is the injection site. 

Delmas PD, Schlemmer A, Gineyts E, Riis B, Christiansen C. Urinary excretion of pyridinoltne crosslinks correlates with bone turnover measured on iliac crest biopsy in patients with vertebral osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1991 6 639-44. 

Silber JS et al (2003) Donor site morbidity after anterior iliac crest bone harvest for single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(2) 134—139... 

Figu re 4.1 IR microscopic image of the carbonate v, to phosphate Vi ratio in normal trabecular human iliac crest tissue. Reprinted with permission from Ref [32],... 

In an early FT-IR imaging study, compositional differences between iliac crest biopsies from untreated osteoporotic patients and normal controls were examined... 

In adults, RBCs are formed in the marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicle, pelvic (iliac) crest, and the proximal epiphyses of the long bones. In children, most bone marrow space is hematopoietically active to meet increased RBC requirements. 

Waist circumference (WC) is used to assess abdominal fat content. Excess abdominal fat that is out of proportion to total body fat is considered an independent predictor of risk for obesity-related complications. Waist circumference is determined by measuring the distance around the smallest area below the rib cage and the top of the iliac crest. Interpretation varies with age. Men are considered at risk if the waist circumference is greater than 40 inches women are at risk if the waist circumference is greater than 35 inches. These standards do not apply if the patient is less than 5 feet tall or has a BMI of 35 kg/m or greater. 

Waist circumference (WC) is the most practical method of characterizing central or visceral adiposity. Clinically, WC is the narrowest circumference measured in the area between the last rib and the top of the iliac crest. The current definition for high-risk WC is greater than 40 inches in males and greater than 35 inches in females. ... 

Early on, bone marrow stem cells were harvested from the posterior and anterior iliac crests or the sternum, while the patient or donor was under a general anaesthetic. It was fairly rapidly established that a minimum number of nucleated cells was necessary to ensure engraftment, and that this related to the body weight of the recipient. At this point, it was not possible to identify the stem cells or early precursor cells immuno-logically, and a total nucleated cell count of the harvested material was obtained, into which the body weight of the recipient was divided in an attempt to ensure an adequate harvest. Normally, approximately 1 litre of harvested blood and marrow would be required to ensure the presence of a sufficient number of stem cells for an adult patient. The harvesting procedure would last for 1-2 h, depending on ease of aspiration, and... 

Figure 5. Bone marrow being harvested from the posterior iliac crests by two operators...

In situ analysis of mineral content and crystallinity in bone. Bone, a functionally gradient material, is composed of protein and mineral components which give rise to spectral absorptions in the mid and far-infrared spectral range. Recently, Miller et al. (2001) have initiated an investigation of cross sections of human iliac crest bones, collecting the IR absorption spectra around a human osteon. The focus of this investigation was to measure the acid phosphate content and determine mineral crystallite perfection from the . spectra. The crystallite perfection was determined from a concurrent study of the correlation of IR absorption spectra with X-ray powder diffraction results from a series of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals and natural bone powders of various species and ages. 

The waist-to-hip ratio has been used instead of the waist circumference as a measure of abdominal obesity in an attempt to correct for differences between individuals with respect to body type or bone structure. In this measurement, the waist circumference is divided by the hip circumference (measured at the iliac crest). The average waist-to-hip ratio for men is 0.93 (with a range of 0.75-1.10), and the average for women was 0.83 (with a range of 0.70-1.00). However, the waist circumference may actually correlate better with intraabdominal fat and the associated risk factors than the waist-to-hip ratio. 

The broad diffraction lines of the mineral in bone make accurate measurement of lattice parameters problematical, hence such measurements are rarely attempted. Nevertheless, Handschin and Stern (1992) measured the lattice parameters of human iliac crest samples of 87 individuals aged 0-90 years. Determinations were based on a weighted least-squares analysis of the positions of 6 lines (002, 102, 310, 222, 213, 004) and gave average statistical errors of 0.002 A in a and 0.003 A in c. The parameters showed a slight reduction with age (a by 0.00015 A and c by 0.00005 A, both per year). Chemical analyses of such samples have been reported (Handschin and Stern 1994 and 1995). It may be that the reduction in a-axis is in part caused by the increase in F content with age noted earlier (Wix and Mohamedally 1980). 

Paschahs EP, Betts F, DiCarlo E, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1997a) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human cortical and trabecular bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 61 480-486 Paschahs EP, Betts F, DiCarlo E, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1997b) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human iliac crest biopsies from untreated osteoporotic bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 61 487-492 Paschahs EP, DiCarlo E, Betts F, Sherman P, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1996). FTIR microspectro-scopic analysis of human osteonal bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 59 480-487 Patel PR, Brown WE (1975) Thermodynamic solubility product of human tooth enamel powder powdered sample. J Dent Res 54 728-736... 

Bone samples for aluminium analysis have been taken from the iliac crest at the time of biopsy or at autopsy (Alfrey et al.. 1976 Maloney et al., 1982) and the specimen placed in an Al-free plastic container. Bone for histological staining is fixed in 10% buffered formalin (Maloney et al., 1982). Crapper et al. (1976) analyzed brain samples from specific areas of the cerebral cortex and from subcortical area. Alfrey et al. (1976) analyzed brain samples from frontal cortex. Whole brain as well as white and grey matter were analyzed. A description of how the specimen was handled before analysis was not provided. Crapper et al. (1976) transported and stored brain samples frozen in Al-free plastic containers and performed dissection from the frozen specimen in a dust-controlled room. All instruments and gloves were rinsed in aluminium-free water. At frequent intervals, this entire procedure was performed on standard homogenized freeze-dried brain powder to ensure little or negligible aluminium contamination. 

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